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Transcript
Cellular Respiration 1 Cellular Respiration • The process by which glucose is converted is into carbon dioxide, water, and ENERGY + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy Comparing Combustion to Respiration Review of Terminology Oxidation - loss of electrons - gain of oxygen - loss of hydrogen Reduction - gain of electrons - loss of oxygen - gain of hydroven Review of Terminology Oxidation Reduction - loss of electrons - gain of oxygen - loss of hydrogen - ON more positive - gain of electrons - loss of oxygen - gain of hydrogen - ON less positive REDOX reaction Review of Terminology aerobic - with O2 anaerobic - without O2 Stage One - Glycolysis Anaerobic 1 mol glucose 2 mol pyruvate C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ 2 C3H3O3 - + 2NADH + 4H+ + energy Stage One - Glycolysis Anaerobic 1 mol glucose 2 mol pyruvate oxidation C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ 2 C3H3O3 - + 2NADH + 4H+ + energy reduction NAD+ and NADH Glycolysis Stage Two – Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration • Aerobic or Anaerobic respiration follows depending on whether O2 is available or not. O2 Pyruvate No O2 CO2 + H2O aerobic respiration No O2 lactic acid anaerobic respiration Ethanol anaerobic respiration Aerobic Respiration Redox Reaction: 2 C3H3O3 - + 2NADH + 4H+ + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2NAD+ pyruvate Overall Reaction Adding together the rxns for Stage One and Stage Two gives the overall reaction …. Stage One C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ 2 C3H3O3 - + 2NADH + 4H+ + energy Stage Two 2 C3H3O3 - + 2NADH + 4H+ + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2NAD+ C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ∆ H = -2816 kJ/mol equivalent to 36 ATP The Half Reactions The overall redox rxn for aerobic respiration is made up the following two half rxns: oxidation half reaction (C gets oxidized) C6H12O6 + 6 H2O 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24 e reduction half reaction (O gets reduced) 6O2 + 24H+ + 24 e 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Aerobic Pathway for Pyruvate The Role of Fe and Cu Fe and Cu in cytochromes are involved in moving the electrons produced in the oxidation step to the reduction step • this occurs in the Electron Transport Chain • coupled to the oxidation step is a reduction involving Fe or Cu: Fe3+ + e Fe2+ or Cu2+ + e Cu+ • coupled to the reduction step is an oxidation involving Fe or Cu: Fe2+ Fe3+ + e or Cu+ Cu2+ + e Energy Output Goal – release the energy from glucose to fuel cell processes - ATP is an energy storage molecule like a battery - The conversion of ATP ADP releases stored energy (30.5 kJ/mol) Energy Output Exothermic Endothermic Energy Tally Anaerobic Respiration • occurs during strenuous exercise when enough O2 is not available for aerobic respiration • lactic acid is produced which causes muscle cramping • the overall redox reaction is: C3H3O3 - + NADH + H+ C3H5O3- + NAD+ + energy as 2 ATP Pyruvate Lactate The two half rxns that make up this redox rxn are: Anaerobic Respiration • occurs during strenuous exercise when enough O2 is not available for aerobic respiration • lactic acid is produced which causes muscle cramping • the overall redox reaction is: C3H3O3 - + NADH + H+ C3H5O3- + NAD+ + energy as 2 ATP Pyruvate Lactate oxidation half reaction NADH + H+ NAD+ + 2 e + 2 H+ reduction half reaction C3H3O3 - + 2 e + 2H+ C3H5O3- Anaerobic Respiration Eventually O2 will again be available and the lactic acid will get oxidized to make CO2 and H2O by this overall redox reaction: C3H6O3 + 3 O2 3 CO2 + 3 H2O + energy Lactic acid conjugate acid for lactate ion Fermentation • a form of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast • pyruvate is converted in ethanol 2 C3H3O3 - + 2NADH + 4H+ 2 CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 2NAD+ • adding the glycolyis reaction and this reaction gives the overall fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2 Two Anaerobic Pathways Summary of the Aerobic and Anaerobic Pathways Transport Processes in Cellular Respiration 1) Electron Transport Chain • cellular respiration involves redox reactions • the Electron Transport Chain involves the movement of e’s in these redox reactions • at the same time ADP gets released as ATP (energy out) • Cytochromes are Fe and Cu containing protein molecules that can shuttle around e’s (see aerobic respiration above) A Cytochrome Molecule Transport Processes in Cellular Respiration 2) O2 Transport in the Blood • Haemoglobin is an oxygen transport protein • it consists of 4 heme groups: Haemoglobin • O2 gets moved through the blood by forming a dative bond with the iron in the heme group • CO and CN- preferentially form dative bonds with the Fe in the heme group blocking the site from oxygen carbon monoxide poisoning or cyanide poisoning Videos • How NAD works • Glycolysis • ATP