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+ Transcription and Translation + Central Dogma DNA RNA transcription Protein translation + Central Dogma + DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Base pairs: ATGC (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) Base Pairs: AUGC (Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine) Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar OH Phosphate group Phosphate group Double stranded, in helix Single stranded + Transcription Transcription is the process of turning the information in DNA into mRNA Why does the cell want to do transcription? So it can eventually make a protein! + Transcription: Step by Step 1. DNA “unzips”: enzymes breaks bonds between A – T and G – C 2. Two strands of DNA are formed (coding and noncoding) 3. Enzyme reads DNA base pairs and adds new nucleotides to match the base pair (Uracil in place of Thymine = A – U and G – C) + Transcription: Step by Step 3’ 5’ 5’ 3’ + Transcription: Step by Step + Transcription How does the enzyme (RNA Polymerase) know where to start in the long string of DNA and where to end? Promoters: a sequence of bases that indicate a start point Terminators: a sequence of bases that indicate an end point + Translation The process of turning the information in mRNA into a protein. To do so, the mRNA must be exported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm + Translation: Step by Step 1. First codon (3 base pair combination) of mRNA strand attaches to a ribosome 2. tRNA carrying a specific amino acid, approaches ribosome 3. Enzyme helps tRNA anti-codon to pair with codon on mRNA 4. tRNA remains with amino acid attached to it 5. Next codon on mRNA slides along ribosome. Steps 2-5 repeat continually until end. + Translation: Step by Step + Translation + + You Try: Type Sequence DNA T T A G C A C G A A T T mRNA tRNA Protein + You Try: Type Sequence DNA T T A G C A C G A A T T mRNA A A U C G U G C U U tRNA Protein A A + You Try: Type Sequence DNA T T A G C A C G A A T T mRNA A A U C G U G C U U tRNA U U A G C A C G A A U U Protein A A + You Try: Type Sequence DNA T T A G C A C G A A T T mRNA A A U C G U G C U U tRNA U U A G C A C G A A U U Protein Asparagine – Arginine – Alanine A A