Download Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds
Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
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-CH3
-OH
-NH2
-PO3
Carbon Compounds
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Building Larger Molecules
• Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis)
Monomers
OH-C-C-C-OH
Polymer
OH-C-C-C-OH
OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH
+
H2O
Breaking Down Large Molecules
• Hydrolysis
Polymer
OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH
+
H2O
(ENZYMES)
Monomers
OH-C-C-C-OH
OH-C-C-C-OH
Monomers & Polymers
Carbohydrates
• Short-term energy-storage
• Some structural
• Bigger molecules = more energy!
– (energy is stored in bonds)
Carbohydrates
• Sugars – saccharides.
• Monosaccharides (monomers)
– Simple sugars
– Glucose, Fructose
• Disaccharides (simple polymers)
– Two monomers combined
– Sucrose, Lactose
• Polysaccharides (complex polymers)
– Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Lipids
• Long-term energy-storage (reserves).
– Bigger molecules = more energy!
• Membrane structure
• Hormones
Lipids
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With Fatty Acids
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Glycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
Without Fatty Acids
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Steroids
Lipids with Fatty Acids
1. Glycerides = Fats & Oils
Glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains.
– Monoglycerides
– Diglycerides
– Triglycerides
Lipids with Fatty Acids
1. Glycerides
– Saturated vs Unsaturated
Lipids with Fatty Acids
2. Phospholipids
– Membranes – “phospholipid bilayer”
Lipids with Fatty Acids
3. Waxes
– VERY hydrophobic molecules
– Water repellent
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Protection from water gain and loss
Ear Wax (Squalene)
Bees Wax
Plant wax (Ursolic acid)
Lipids without Fatty Acids
1. Steroids – 4 carbon rings
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Hormones, Vitamin D
Proteins
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Structural
Membrane Function
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies/Antigens
Energy (as a last resort)
Proteins get things done!
Amino Acids
(Acid group)
Peptide Bond
• Condensation Reaction (dehydration
synthesis)
Acid group
Amino group
“Polypeptide” formation
• Primary (1o) Structure
Polypeptide
Chain
Polypeptide Folding & Spiraling
• Secondary (2o) Structure
Polypeptide 3-D Shape
• Tertiary (3o) Structure
– Covalent Bonds
– Ionic Bonds
– Disulfide Bonds
– Hydrogen Bonds
– Van der Waals
Interactions
Polypeptide 3-D Shape
• Conformation
Multiple Polypeptides
• Quaternary (4o) Structure
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides = monomers
– 5-carbon sugar
– N-base
– Phosphate
Nucleic Acids
• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
Nucleic Acids
• ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate