Download Exercise 29 Blood

Exercise 29
BLOOD
Photo: http://www.cti.dtu.dk/~berco/pix/art/2000/red_blood_cells.jpg
Objectives
• Two major components of blood, average %
• Plasma--composition, functional importance
• Formed elements—cell types, %, functions
• Cellular composition of blood, sickle cell
anemia, leukemia
• ABO, Rh blood groups—donors, recipients
• Hematology tests
• Anemia, polycythemia, leukopenia,
leukocytosis, leukemia
What is Blood?
•Connective tissue—fibers apparent only when
clotting
•Two major components
–Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)
•55%
–Living cells (formed elements)
•45%
What is Plasma?
•Composition varies
•>90% water
•Salts & Electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl,
HCO3)
•Proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)
•Transported in the blood:
–Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids,
vitamins)
–Metabolic waste (urea, uric acid)
–Respiratory gases (O2, CO2)
–Hormones
Why is it important?
•Transport all of those components
•Regulate pH & ion composition of fluids
•Clotting proteins—injuries
•Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
•Stabilization of body temperature
(absorbs heat from active muscles,
redistributes or releases through skin)
Fig. 19-1
What are formed elements?
•Living cells
•Three types
99.9%
0.1%
–Erythrocytes (red blood cells—RBCs)
–Leukocytes (white blood cells—WBCs)
–Platelets
Fig. 19-1
Erythrocytes (red blood cells—RBCs)
•99.9% of formed
elements
•Anucleate when
mature
•Contain hemoglobin
(Hb--red pigment)
•Transport O2 and
CO2
Fig. 19-2
Leukocytes (white blood cells—WBCs)
•<0.01% of formed elements
•Have nuclei, no Hb
•Defense against pathogens
•Remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells
•Several types
–Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Fig. 19-2
•Neutrophils
50-70% of WBCs
Granules are “neutral”—
hard to stain
Multiple lobes in nucleus
Nonspecific defenses
1st on site of injury
Specialize in
phagocytizing marked
bacteria (antibodies,
complement proteins)
Granulocytes
Fig. 19-2
•Eosinophils
2-4% of WBCs
Granules stain dark with
“eosin”
Bilobed nucleus
Nonspecific defenses
Attack objects w/ABs,
parasites, allergens
Also reduce inflammation
at injury sites
Fig. 19-2
Granulocytes
•Basophils
<1% of WBCs
Granules stain purple/blue
Smaller cells (neut/eosin)
Nonspecific defenses
Contain histamine & heparin
Release of these increases
inflammation
Attracts more basophils (&
eosinophils) to area
Fig. 19-2
Agranulocytes
•Monocytes
<2-8% of WBCs
~2x size of RBC
nucleus oval-kidney shaped
Nonspecific defenses
Phagocytosis--macrophages
in tissues
Release chemicals to attract
neutrophils, monocytes,
other phagocytic cells,
fibroblasts (scar tissue)
Fig. 19-2
Agranulocytes
•Lymphocytes
<20-30% of WBCs
Large, round nucleus
SPECIFIC defenses
Immune response—direct cell
attack or antibodies
T Cells
B Cells
NK (Natural Killer) Cells
Fig. 19-2
Platelets
•Irregularly shaped, small
cell fragments in
mammals
Clotting
Anemia = low hematocrit or low Hb
level
• Hematocrit = % cells in whole
blood (normal 42-46%)
– Centrifuge the blood tube
– PCV “packed cell volume”
– ↓ if dehydrated, internal bleeding,
RBC problems…
• Polycythemia= elevated
hematocrit
– Many types, often treatable but not
curable
– Can be bone marrow cancer
Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Specific type of anemia
• Caused by single genetic (amino acid)
mutation of Hb molecule (chains) shape
• Defective Hb gives up some bound oxygen
• Causes cell to become stiff and curved—
sickled
• Makes RBC fragile, can get stuck in
capillariesblockageno oxygen
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Fig. 19-4
• Leukopenia = inadequate #s of WBCs
– Can be measles, typhoid fever, cirrhosis,
TB
• Leukocytosis = excessive #s of WBCs
– Slight is normal during bacterial or viral
infection
– Can be metabolic disease, hemorrhage,
poisoning
– Extreme usually indicates LEUKEMIA
• Malignant disorder of lymphoid tissues
• Many types, treatment helps, often fatal
APPLICATIONS MANUAL HAS DETAILS OF
EACH
BLOOD TYPING
• ABO Blood types
– surface antigens (can trigger immune
response) on RBCs
Type A has “A” antigens
Type B has “B” antigens
Type AB has both
Type O has neither
BLOOD TYPING
• Rh Factors
– Rh surface antigens (can trigger
immune response) on RBCs
Rh positive has the surface antigens
Rh negative does not
• Combine the two:
A+ or AAB+ or AB-
B+ or BO+ or O-
Fig. 19-8
Donors and Recipients
• Your antibodies will attack other
blood types (transfusions)
• You’re Type A—you have
Antibodies against Type B
“anti-B antibodies”
• Type O—anti-A and anti-B
Donors and Recipients
• Rh negative person will only have
anti-Rh antibodies if previously
exposed
– Transfusion, pregnancy
Donors and Recipients
Sample
• Test for crossreactivity to
“type” the
blood
• Clumps if the
sample has
those antigens
Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-Rh
A+
B+
AB+
O-
Fig. 19-8
Donors and Recipients
• Universal Donor
Type O
• Universal Recipient
Type AB
WEBSITE:
http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/
landsteiner/
Hematology Tests
• Total WBC count
– TOTAL # cells per unit volume of blood
• Differential “DIFF” WBC count
– Count the first 100, categorize into types,
%
• Total RBC count
– TOTAL # cells per unit volume of blood
Hematology Tests
• Hematocrit/PCV
– (centrifuge, % cells)
• Hemoglobin: can be anemic with
normal Hct
– RBCs carry oxygen in blood from lungs to
tissues
– Measures oxygen carrying-capacity