Download Relation to Mineral Nutrition

MINERAL NUTRITION & ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
CONCERNING DYE & FLAVOURS
2o Metabolites
1. DYE = PIGMENTS
- Chlorophyll (green)
- Carotenoids (yellow - red)
- Xanthophyll (=oxygenated carotene)
Carotene protect chlorophyll from Photodestruction (Albino
turns green under dim light) & insect attractant in flower
2. Flavour = Aroma + Taste
Aroma = essential oil / volatile oil
= essence at room temp.
- Alcohol, ether, aldehyde
- Terpenoids
Taste
Sweet
= glucose , fructose , sucrose ete.
Sour
= - organic acid (kreb’s cycle)
(i.e. citric acid in lemon)
- aromatic acid
Pungent
= i.e. capsaicin, piperine
Bitter
= alkaloids , terpenoid
Astringent = tannin
Pigments, odour & Taste substance are :
o
1. 2 metabolite product after photosynthate
occurred through metabolic pathway
2. waste material in vacuole
Relation to Mineral Nutrition
1. Pn & Carbon skeleton Production
2. Enzyme synthesis & activities
3. Turgidity/Osmotic regulation
4. Product translocation
5. Energy supply for synthesizing and degradation
6. Stage of development & accumulation
MINERAL NUTRITION & PHYTOHORMONE
1. AUXIN
Metabolism
- produced in active meristematic tissue
(buds, young leaves & fruits)
- immobilization by photo oxidation, enzyme oxidation
(IAA - oxidase)
- Peroxidation reduce Auxin activity (+O2)
Plant response
- Cellular effect : - increase DNA, RNA protein & enzyme
- increase proton exchange & K uptake
- influence phytochrome reaction to red far - red light
- Necessary for callus growth (tissue culture, gall - , nodule tissue)
- Rooting in plant cutting
- Delay leaf & fruit abscission
Agricultural use
- 2,4 - D, 2, 4, 5 - T , MCPA (herbicide)
- prevent fruit drop, induce ethylene formation (NAA)
- thinning fruit for prevent biennial bearing
- rooting compound
- prevention of sprouting in potato
Minerals & Auxin
- IAA effect proton - pump by effect proton transport
through cell wall
(i.e. K+ uptake > Na+ > Li+)
Salt resistant effect
- Ca2+ necessary for Auxin - transport
(Auxin & Ca2+ redistribution)
- Zn2+ necessary for tryptophan synthesis
2. GIBBERELLINS
Metabolism
- biosynthesis in immature fruit & seed, bud, leaf & root
- bound form in seed is freed through soaking, chilling
- vernalization (seed)
stratification (bud)
increase GAs
Plant response
- act synergistically with auxin in apical
dorminance, cambium growth, geotroprism,
parthenocarpy, increase fruit - set
- internode growth of dwarf plant
- replace stratification
Minerals & Gibberellin
- GA3 increase membrane permeability,
cause monovalent ion lost and
transportation of ion from root
- GA3 increase K+ transport
- Zn & GA3 : positive correlation
3. CYTOKININ
Metabolism :
- produced in root
- translocate through transpiration stream
- buds stronger sink than leaf
Pl. response
- Adventitious bud formation (Cyt. + Auxin)
- inhibit root initial formation in stem cutting
(Auxin stimulate)
- delay senescence (Chlorophyll retention,
protein & amino acid retention)
Mineral & cytokinin
- effect on protein synthesis, cell wall & cell membrane
synthesis and sugar metabolism
- translocation of Fe from root
- ion flux into root stimulate but ion efflux and water
transport out of root reduce
- N - application increase cytokinin synthesis in root
- regulate ion secretion from salt gland
Agricultural use
- Control flowering, enhance growth & productivity
- Enhance germination & emergence
- Produce sterile male for hybrid seed industry (corn)
- Seedless
- amylase activity in malt industry
4. GROWTH INHIBITOR
3 groups :
Nature
1) ABA
2) Benzoic - , phenolic acid & lactone (seed dormancy)
Synthetic retardant
3) - ammonium salt (Amo - 1618), phosphon - D
- SADH or daminozide
- Chlormeguat chloride (CCC)
- Morphactin (flurecol & chloro flurecol)
Metabolism
GA, ABA, cyt., chlorophyll, carotene & Xantophyll produced
through “Mevalonic acid & isoprene pathway”
Agricultural use
- growth retardant
SADH, CCC, Phosfon - D & morphactin
- reduce lodging & vegetative growth
- TIBA = IAA inhibitor (transport)
- Defoliant before harvesting
- inhibit axillary shoot development
Pl. response to ABA
- dormancy mechanism of bud & seed for survival
- leaf abscission
- GA/ABA ration in dormancy and germination after
stratification
- stomata closure
- inhibit K uptake & proton extrusion
- inhibit hydrolytic enzyme activity
- inhibit flowering of long - day plant
Minerals & ABA
- inhibit K uptake into guard cell
- inhibit K uptake
reduce
stomata close
Amylase activity
- effect ion transport, ion accumulation and selectivity
of ion into preserve organ
5. Ethylene
Metabolism
- increase by Auxin application 2, 4 - D increase ethylene
content in tissue upto 50 fold
- increase in ripening & stress tissue
Pl. Response
- reduce elongation, increase stem diameter & ageotropic of
seedling during germination
- leaf & flower senescence (AgNO3 = anti ethylene activity)
Agricultural use of Ethylene
- Limit because of gas - form
- Liquid form = ethephon
- Suppress growth of seedling in starting bed = 10 days
- Break seed dormancy
Agricultural use
- increase fruit - set & Fruit size (grape & apple)
- Promote seed germination (Lettuce seed)
- Tissue & pollen culture
breeding
End…