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Chp. 10 - Photosynthesis LE 10-2 Plants Unicellular protist 10 µm Purple sulfur bacteria Multicellular algae Cyanobacteria 40 µm 1.5 µm LE 10-3 Leaf cross section Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO2 O2 Mesophyll cell Chloroplast 5 µm Outer membrane Thylakoid Thylakoid Stroma Granum space Intermembrane space Inner membrane 1 µm LE 10-7 Light Reflected light Chloroplast Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light Activity: Light and Pigments LE 10-6 10–5 nm 10–3 nm Gamma rays 103 nm 1 nm X-rays 106 nm Infrared UV 1m (109 nm) Microwaves 103 m Radio waves Visible light 380 450 500 Shorter wavelength Higher energy 550 600 650 700 750 nm Longer wavelength Lower energy LE 10-8a White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Galvanometer 0 Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength Green light 100 The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. LE 10-8b White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube 0 Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength Blue light 100 The low transmittance (high absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light. LE 10-9a Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids 400 500 600 Wavelength of light (nm) Absorption spectra 700 Rate of photosynthesis (measured by O2 release) LE 10-9b Action spectrum LE 10-4 Products: 12 H2O 6 CO2 Reactants: C6H12O6 6 H2O 6 O2 LE 10-5_3 Activity: Overview of Photosynthesis H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + Pi LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE ATP NADPH Chloroplast O2 [CH2O] (sugar) LE 10-14 e– ATP e– e– NADPH e– e– e– Mill makes ATP e– Photosystem II Photosystem I LE 10-12 Thylakoid Photosystem Photon Thylakoid membrane Light-harvesting complexes Reaction center STROMA Primary electron acceptor e– Transfer of energy Special chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) LE 10-13_5 H2 O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Primary acceptor Primary acceptor e– Pq Energy of electrons 2 H+ e– H2O Cytochrome complex + 1/2 O2 Light Fd e– e– NADP+ reductase Pc e– e– NADPH + H+ P700 P680 Light ATP Photosystem II (PS II) NADP+ + 2 H+ Photosystem I (PS I) LE 10-17 H2 O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH STROMA (Low H+ concentration) O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Cytochrome complex Photosystem II Light 2 Photosystem I Light NADP+ reductase H+ NADP+ + 2H+ Fd NADPH + H+ Pq H2O THYLAKOID SPACE (High H+ concentration) 1/2 Pc O2 +2 H+ 2 H+ To Calvin cycle Thylakoid membrane STROMA (Low H+ concentration) ATP synthase ADP + Pi ATP H+ LE 10-16 Mitochondrion Chloroplast Activity: Light Reactions CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE H+ Intermembrane space Membrane Lower [H+] Thylakoid space Electron transport chain ATP synthase Key Higher [H+] Diffusion Stroma Matrix ADP + P i ATP H+ LE 10-15 Primary acceptor Primary acceptor Fd Fd NADP+ Pq NADP+ reductase Cytochrome complex NADPH Pc Photosystem I Photosystem II ATP LE 10-18_3 H2O CO2 Input Light (Entering one CO2 at a time) 3 NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP Phase 1: Carbon fixation NADPH Rubisco O2 [CH2O] (sugar) 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 3 P P 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 6 ATP 6 ADP 3 ADP 3 CALVIN CYCLE 6 P ATP P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) 6 NADP+ 6 Pi P 5 G3P 6 Activity: Calvin Cycle P Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 1 P G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds Phase 2: Reduction LE 10-19 Photosynthetic cells of C4 plant leaf Mesophyll cell PEP carboxylase Mesophyll cell CO2 Bundlesheath cell The C4 pathway Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C) Vein (vascular tissue) ADP Malate (4 C) ATP C4 leaf anatomy Stoma Bundlesheath cell Pyruvate (3 C) CO2 CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Vascular tissue LE 10-20 Sugarcane Pineapple CAM C4 CO2 Mesophyll cell Organic acid Bundlesheath cell CO2 CO2 incorporated into four-carbon Organic acid organic acids (carbon fixation) CO2 CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Spatial separation of steps CO2 Organic acids release CO2 to Calvin cycle CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Night Day Activity: Phtosyn. in Dry Climates Temporal separation of steps LE 10-21 Light reactions Calvin cycle H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + Pi RuBP Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I ATP NADPH 3-Phosphoglycerate G3P Starch (storage) Amino acids Fatty acids Chloroplast O2 Sucrose (export)
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