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Transcript
Making and Using Energy in Cells Next Energy in Cells All cells need energy. Cells get their energy from small molecules called ATP. ATP is a “battery” that plugs into molecules and provides energy for reactions. ATP is made in mitochondria and goes where it is needed in the cell. Next ATP is: 1. A cell part 2. A small battery used by cells to do work 3. Is a process used to make energy No, try again! Right! ATP is like a battery that the cell uses when it needs energy. ATP is made in: 1. The chloroplast 2. The nucleus 3. The mitochondria Try again! Right! The mitochondria is the powerplant of the cell because it is where ATP energy is made. Next ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate. Each ATP is made of one adenosine with three phosphate molecules attached. A lot of energy is required to hold the phosphates together Next When cells need energy, enzymes remove a phosphate, releasing the energy stored in that bond. This released energy can be used to do work in the cell. Next ATP ADP Removing a phosphate from ATP creates one molecule of ADP (adenosine diphosphate). ATP has three phosphates ADP has two phosphates Next Which of the pictures below shows a molecule of ATP? Try Again Right! ATP is made from one adenosine and three phosphate molecules. Next Which of the pictures below shows a molecule of ADP? Try again! Right! ADP has adenosine and two phosphates. Where is the energy stored in ATP? 1. In the adenosine molecule 2. In the phosphate molecules 3. In the bonds between phosphates Try again Right! The energy is in the bond between phosphates, since so much energy is required to hold them together. How does the cell get energy from ATP? 1. It adds another phosphate 2. It removes a phosphate 3. It breaks down Adenosine Try again Right! When the cell needs a battery to run a process, it clips one phosphate from an ATP molecule, and then captures and uses the energy released. How is ATP made? Next How is ATP Made? The cell has three ways to make ATP batteries: • Glycolysis (anaerobic) • Cellular Respiration (aerobic respiration) • Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) The word aerobic means that oxygen is needed. Anaerobic means that oxygen is not needed. What do you think the cell needs in order to make ATP through cellular respiration? 1. Oxygen 2. Carbon Dioxide Do what? Try again! Right! Aerobic respiration is where the cell makes ATP in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is where the cell can make ATP when no oxygen is available. To understand how ATP is made, we have to better understand sugar (glucose) Next Glucose Sugar molecules contain rings of carbon. As in ATP, energy is required to hold carbon molecules together. Because glucose has six carbon–carbon bonds, it has loads of stored energy. Next In glucose, the energy is stored: 1. In the bonds between carbon molecules 2. In the carbon molecules themselves 3. In the aerobic rings Try again! Right! Glucose has six carbons, and the bonds between carbons store energy. When the bonds are broken, energy is released. How can glucose be used to make ATP? Next Glycolysis The first way of making ATP from bond energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis is anaerobic, meaning that no oxygen is needed for the process to work. Next Which is correct? 1. Anaerobic means that oxygen is needed, and aerobic means “without oxygen” 2. Aerobic means that no oxygen is required, and aerobic is something that uses oxygen Try again! Right! Think about doing aerobics. Anyone doing aerobics really needs oxygen – that is why they are breathing so hard. Glycolysis is: 1. Aerobic 2. Anaerobic Try again! Right! Glycolysis is anaerobic – no oxygen is needed to make ATP from glucose How does glycolysis work? Next Glycolysis • In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose is split into two molecules that contain three carbons each • These 3-carbon molecules are called pyruvic acid • Splitting glucose in half releases enough energy to make 2 ATP Next Which is correct? 1. In glycolysis, one glucose is broken into two pyruvic acid molecules 2. In glycolysis, one glucose is broken into two ATP 3. In glycolysis, one glucose is converted to a smaller pyruvic acid molecule Try again! Right! In glycolysis, one 6-carbon glucose molecule is split to form two 3-carbon pyruvic acids What happens when glucose is split in half? 1. The energy in glucose increases 2. It gains energy 3. The energy released is used to make 2 ATP Try again! Right! In glycolysis, when glucose is split in half, the energy released by the breaking of bonds is used to make 2 ATP molecules. Next What happens after glycolysis? At the end of glycolysis, the cell has 2 new ATP batteries, and two molecules of pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid still contains lots of energy in the three carbon bonds Next Which is correct? 1. Glycolysis converts two glucose molecules to one pyruvic acid and 2 ATP 2. Glycolysis converts two glucose molecules to two pyruvic acids and 2 ATP 3. Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule to two pyruvic acid and 1 ATP 4. Glycolysis converts one glucose to two pyruvic acid and two ATP Try again! Right! In glycolysis, one glucose molecule (6 carbons) is split in half to create 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3 carbons each). By breaking carbon bonds, enough energy is released to create 2 ATP. Next What happens after glycolysis? Pyruvic acid still has lots of energy left in it. How does the cell take advantage of this? Next Following Glycolysis After glycolysis, two methods are possible for converting pyruvate into even more ATP: • If oxygen is available, then Cellular (aerobic respiration) occurs • If no oxygen is available, then fermentation (anaerobic respiration) occurs Next What process follows glycolysis if oxygen is available in the cell? 1. 2. 3. 4. Cellular respiration Anaerobic respiration Fermentaton Pyruvate Try again! Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are the same thing – neither requires oxygen Try again! Pyruvate is one of the products of glycolysis (the other is ATP) Right! Cellular (aerobic) respiration follows glycolysis when oxygen is available to the cell. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria and uses glucose (pyruvic acid) to produce CO2, water, and lots of ATP (38 ATP to be exact) Next What are the three products of Cellular Respiration? 1. 2. 3. 4. 38 ATP, O2, and glucose 38 ATP, H2O, and glucose 38 ATP, H2O, and CO2 38 ATP, CO2, and glucose Try again! Right! The products of aerobic respiration are CO2, H2O, and 38 ATP. Cellular respiration is very efficient – only one glucose molecule results in 38 ATP molecules! This is the formula: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP Next Which is the correct formula for Cellular respiration? 1. 2. 3. 4. CO2 + H2O + ATP Glucose + O2 Glucose + H2O Glucose + ATP + O2 Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP CO2 + O2 + ATP CO2 + pyruvate Try again! Right! The correct formula for cellular respiration is: Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP So, if aerobic respiration is so efficient, why doesn’t the cell use it all the time? Next Although cell respiration is the best way to create ATP, it requires the presence of oxygen. Sometimes oxygen is not available. What process must be used to create ATP when oxygen is not available following glycolysis? 1. Fermentation 2. Aerobic respiration 3. Cellular respiration Try again! Aerobic respiration and cellular respiration are the same thing, and both require oxygen. Right! The cell must follow glycolysis with fermentation when no oxygen is available, or when oxygen is in short supply. Another name for fermentation is anaerobic respiration. Next Fermentation Fermentation makes ATP from glucose without using oxygen. Unfortunately, fermentation makes only 2 ATP from each glucose molecule, and produces a lot of waste material that could have been converted into more energy. Next The two types of Fermentation There are two types of fermentation: • Alcoholic fermentation (used to make beer, wine, and bread) • Lactic acid fermentation (used by muscles in heavy exercise, and used by yeast to make yogurt and sour cream) Next