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Chapter 7
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Page 114
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ADP +
C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose oxygen
P
36-38
ATP
6CO2 + 6H2O
carbon water
dioxide
Fig. 7.1
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NADH + H+
reduction
oxidation
2H
2e– + 2H+
2H
2e– + 2H+
NAD+
Fig. 7.2
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Cytoplasm
e–
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
e–
e–
e–
e–
1. Glycolysis
glucose
e–
NADH + H+
and FADH2
e–
3.
Citric acid
cycle
2. Preparatory reaction
pyruvate
4.
Electron transport
chain
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
2
4 ATP total
ATP
net gain
+
2 ADP
2
ATP
+ 32 ADP
or 34
32
or 34
ATP
= 36
or 38
ATP
Fig. 7.3
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e–
high-energy
electrons
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
electron
transport chain
e–
low-energy
electrons
Page 116
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P
P
ADP
ATP
P
Fig. 7.4a
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Cytoplasm
NADH+ H+
e–
NADH+ H+
e–
e–
H+
e–
NADH +
and FADH2
e–
e–
Glycolysis
glucose
pyruvate
e–
Preparatory reaction
Citric acid
cycle
Electron transport
chain and
chemiosmosis
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
2
4 ATP total
ATP
net
2 ADP
2
ATP
32 ADP
or 34
32
or 34
ATP
Fig. 7.4b
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Cytoplasm
Fig. 7.4c
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Cytoplasm
Fig. 7.4d
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Cytoplasm
Fig. 7.4left
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cytoplasm
NADH+ H+
e–
NADH+ H+
e–
e–
e–
e–
pyruvate
e–
e–
Glycolysis
glucose
NADH + H+
and FADH2
Preparatory reaction
Citric acid
cycle
Electron transport
chain and
chemiosmosis
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP 4 ATP total
2
ATP
net
Cytoplasm
a.
2 ADP
2
ATP
32 ADP
or 34
32
or 34
ATP
Fig. 7.4right-a
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Steps
Energy-Investment Steps
glucose
-2
ATP
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
P
P
1. Two ATP are used
to activate glucose.
2. A resulting C6 molecule breaks
down into 2 C3 molecules.
P
P
G3P
G3P
Fig. 7.4right-b
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Energy-Harvesting Steps
P
P
NAD+
NAD+
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
P
P
BPG
P
P
BPG
ADP
ADP
ATP
+2
ATP
ATP
P
3PG
H2O
H2O
P
P
PEP
ADP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
(net gain)
pyruvate
5. Oxidation of 2 3PG by removal
of water results in 2 high-energy
PEP molecules.
PEP
ADP
2
4. Removal of high-energy
phosphate from 2 BPG by 2 ADP
produces 2 ATP and 2 3PG
molecules.
P
3PG
+2
3. NAD+ takes an electron
becoming NADH + H+, with
addition of a second phosphate
to the sugar.
pyruvate
6. Removal of high-energy
phosphate from 2 PEP by 2
ADP produces 2 ATP and 2
pyruvate molecules.
Fig. 7.4right-1
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Steps
Energy-Investment Steps
glucose
-2
ATP
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
P
P
1. Two ATP are used
to activate glucose.
Fig. 7.4right-2
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Steps
Energy-Investment Steps
glucose
-2
ATP
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
P
P
1. Two ATP are used
to activate glucose.
2. A resulting C6 molecule breaks
down into 2 C3 molecules.
P
P
G3P
G3P
Fig. 7.4right-3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Steps
Energy-Investment Steps
glucose
-2
ATP
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
P
P
1. Two ATP are used
to activate glucose.
2. A resulting C6 molecule breaks
down into 2 C3 molecules.
P
P
G3P
Energy-Harvesting Steps
G3P
P
P
NAD+
NAD+
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
P
P
BPG
P
P
BPG
3. NAD+ takes an electron
becoming NADH + H+, with
addition of a second phosphate
to the sugar.
Fig. 7.4right-4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Steps
Energy-Investment Steps
glucose
-2
ATP
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
P
P
1. Two ATP are used
to activate glucose.
2. A resulting C6 molecule breaks
down into 2 C3 molecules.
P
P
G3P
Energy-Harvesting Steps
G3P
P
P
NAD+
NAD+
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
P
P
BPG
P
P
BPG
ADP
ADP
ATP
+2
ATP
ATP
P
P
3PG
3. NAD+ takes an electron
becoming NADH + H+, with
addition of a second phosphate
to the sugar.
3PG
4. Removal of high-energy
phosphate from 2 BPG by 2 ADP
produces 2 ATP and 2 3PG
molecules.
Fig. 7.4right-5
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Steps
Energy-Investment Steps
glucose
-2
ATP
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
P
P
1. Two ATP are used
to activate glucose.
2. A resulting C6 molecule breaks
down into 2 C3 molecules.
P
P
G3P
Energy-Harvesting Steps
G3P
P
P
NAD+
NAD+
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
P
P
BPG
P
P
BPG
ADP
ADP
ATP
ATP
+2
ATP
3. NAD+ takes an electron
becoming NADH + H+, with
addition of a second phosphate
to the sugar.
P
4. Removal of high-energy
phosphate from 2 BPG by 2 ADP
produces 2 ATP and 2 3PG
molecules.
P
3PG
3PG
H2O
H2O
P
P
PEP
PEP
5. Oxidation of 2 3PG by removal
of water results in 2 high-energy
PEP molecules.
Fig. 7.4right
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Steps
Energy-Investment Steps
glucose
-2
ATP
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
P
1. Two ATP are used
to activate glucose.
P
2. A resulting C6 molecule breaks
down into 2 C3 molecules.
P
P
G3P
Energy-Harvesting Steps
G3P
P
P
NAD+
NAD+
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
P
P
BPG
P
P
BPG
ADP
ADP
ATP
+2
ATP
ATP
P
3PG
H2 O
H2 O
P
PEP
PEP
ADP
ATP
ATP
ATP
b.
ATP
(net gain)
5. Oxidation of 2 3PG by removal
of water results in 2 high-energy
PEP molecules.
P
ADP
2
4. Removal of high-energy
phosphate from 2 BPG by 2 ADP
produces 2 ATP and 2 3PG
molecules.
P
3PG
+2
3. NAD+ takes an electron
becoming NADH + H+, with
addition of a second phosphate
to the sugar.
pyruvate
pyruvate
6. Removal of high-energy
phosphate from 2 PEP by 2
ADP produces 2 ATP and 2
pyruvate molecules.
Page 118
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2 NAD+
2 pyruvate + 2 CoA
2 NADH + H+
2 acetyl—CoA + 2 carbon dioxide
Fig. 7.5a
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NADH
e–
NADH
e–
e–
e–
e–
NADH
and FADH2
e–
e–
Glycolysis
glucose
pyruvate
Electron transport
chain and
chemiosmosis
Citric acid
cycle
Preparatory reaction
Matrix
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP total
2
ATP
net
2 ADP
2
ATP
32 ADP
or 34
32
or 34
ATP
Fig. 7.5b
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NAD+
1. The C2 acetyl group combines
with a C4 molecule to produce
citrate, a C6 molecule.
NADH + H+
CO2
citrate
CoA
C5
CoA
Preparatory
reaction
C4
5. Additional oxidation reactions
produce an FADH2 and another
NADH + H+ and regenerate
original C4 molecule.
NAD+
Citric acid
cycle
acetyl CoA
NADH +
2. Oxidation
reactions
produce two
NADH + H+.
H+
NADH + H+
C4
CO2
NAD+
3. The loss of two
CO2 results
In a new C4
molecule.
C4
FAD
ATP
FADH2
4. One ATP is produced
by substrate-level
ATP synthesis.
Fig. 7.5-1
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1. The C2 acetyl group combines
with a C4 molecule to produce
citrate, a C6 molecule.
CoA
CoA
Preparatory
reaction
acetyl CoA
C4
Citric acid
cycle
Fig. 7.5-2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NAD+
1. The C2 acetyl group combines
with a C4 molecule to produce
citrate, a C6 molecule.
CO2
citrate
CoA
C5
CoA
Preparatory
reaction
NADH + H+
acetyl CoA
C4
Citric acid
cycle
2. Oxidation
reactions
produce two
NADH + H+.
Fig. 7.5-3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NAD+
1. The C2 acetyl group combines
with a C4 molecule to produce
citrate, a C6 molecule.
NADH + H+
CO2
citrate
CoA
C5
CoA
Preparatory
reaction
2. Oxidation
reactions
produce two
NADH + H+.
acetyl CoA
C4
NAD+
Citric acid
cycle
NADH + H+
C4
CO2
ATP
3. The loss of two
CO2 results
In a new C4
molecule.
4. One ATP is produced
by substrate-level
ATP synthesis.
Fig. 7.5-4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NAD+
1. The C2 acetyl group combines
with a C4 molecule to produce
citrate, a C6 molecule.
NADH + H+
CO2
citrate
CoA
C5
CoA
Preparatory
reaction
C4
5. Additional oxidation reactions
produce an FADH2 and another
NADH + H+ and regenerate
original C4 molecule.
NAD+
Citric acid
cycle
acetyl CoA
NADH +
2. Oxidation
reactions
produce two
NADH + H+.
H+
NADH + H+
C4
CO2
NAD+
3. The loss of two
CO2 results
In a new C4
molecule.
C4
FAD
ATP
FADH2
4. One ATP is produced
by substrate-level
ATP synthesis.
Fig. 7.5
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NADH
e–
NADH
e–
e–
e–
NADH
and FADH2
e–
e–
e–
Glycolysis
glucose
pyruvate
Electron transport
chain and
chemiosmosis
Citric acid
cycle
Preparatory reaction
Matrix
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP total
2
ATP
net
2 ADT
2
32 ADP 32
or 34
or 34
ATP
ATP
NAD+
1. The C2 acetyl group combines
with a C4 molecule to produce
citrate, a C6 molecule.
NADH + H+
CO2
citrate
CoA
C5
CoA
Preparatory
reaction
NAD+
Citric acid
cycle
acetyl CoA
C4
NADH + H+
5. Additional oxidation reactions
produce an FADH2 and another
NADH + H+ and regenerate
original C4 molecule.
2. Oxidation
reactions
produce two
NADH + H+.
NADH + H+
C4
CO2
NAD+
3. The loss of two
CO2 results
In a new C4
molecule.
C4
FAD
ATP
FADH2
4. One ATP is produced
by substrate-level
ATP synthesis.
Page 119
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Citric acid cycle
inputs
outputs
2 acetyl groups
4 CO2
6 NAD+
6 NADH + H+
2 FAD
2 FADH2
2 ADP + 2
P
2
ATP
Fig. 7.6a
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NADH
e–
NADH
e–
e–
e–
e–
Glycolysis
Preparatory reaction
glucose
pyruvate
e–
NADH and
FADH2
e–
Citric acid
cycle
Electron transport
chain and
chemiosmosis
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP 4 ATP total
2
ATP
net
2 ADT 2
ATP
32 or ADP 32 or
34
34
ATP
Fig. 7.6b
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NADH + H+
e–
NAD+ + 2H+
electron
carrier
ADP +
P
2e–
ATP
made by
chemiosmosis
e–
electron
carrier
FADH2
FAD + 2H+
2e–
electron
carrier
ADP + P
2e–
ATP
made by
chemiosmosis
ATP
made by
chemiosmosis
electron
carrier
2e–
electron
carrier
ADP + P
2e–
2H+
1
2 O2
H2O
Fig. 7.6
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
e–
NADH
NADH
e–
e–
e–
Glycolysis
Electron transport
chain and
chemiosmosis
Citric acid
cycle
Preparatory reaction
glucose
e–
NADH and
FADH2
e–
e–
pyruvate
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP 4 ATP total
2
ATP
net
2 ADT 2
ATP
32 or ADP 32 or
34
34
ATP
NADH + H+
e–
NAD+ + 2H+
electron
carrier
ADP +
P
2e–
ATP
electron
carrier
made by
chemiosmosis
e–
FADH2
FAD + 2H+
2e–
electron
carrier
ADP +
P
2e–
ATP
made by
chemiosmosis
ATP
made by
chemiosmosis
electron
carrier
2e–
electron
carrier
ADP +
P
2e–
2H+
1
2 O2
H2O
Fig. 7.7a
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
cristae
intermembrane space
matrix
Fig. 7.7b
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Electron transportchain
protein
complex
H+
H+
H+
e-ee-
FADH2 FAD
+
H+
NAD+
NADH +
2 H+
H+
2 H+
H+
H+
H+
ATP
ADP + P H2O 12O2
H+
matrix
H+
H+
ATP synthase
complex
ATP
channel
protein
H+
H+
chemiosmosis
ATP
H+
intermembrane
space
Fig. 7.7
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
cristae
intermembrane space
matrix
Electron transportchain
protein
complex
H+
H+
H+
e-ee-
FADH2 FAD
+
H+
NADH + H+
NAD+ 2 H+
H+
2 H+
H+
ADP + P H2O
ATP
H+
1
2O2
H+
matrix
H+
H+
ATP synthase
complex +
ATP
channel
protein
H+
H+
chemiosmosis
ATP
H
intermembrane
space
Fig. 7.8
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cytoplasm
glucose
2
net
ATP
glycolysis
2
NADH + H+
2
NADH + H+
6
NADH + H+
2
FADH2
4 or 6
ATP
6
ATP
18
ATP
4
ATP
subtotal
32
or 34
ATP
Mitochondrion
2 acetyl CoA
2 CO2
2
ATP
Citric acid
cycle
Electron transport chain
2 pyruvate
4 CO2
6 O2
subtotal
4
ATP
36 or 38
total
ATP
6 H2O
Fig. 7.9-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
glucose
2
–2
ATP
ATP
2 ADP
P
2
G3P
Fig. 7.9-2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
glucose
2
–2
ATP
ATP
2 ADP
P
2
G3P
2 P
2 NAD+
2 NADH + H+
2 P
P
BPG
Fig. 7.9-3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
glucose
2
-2
ATP
ATP
2 ADP
P
2
G3P
2 P
2 NAD+
2 NADH + H+
2 P
P
BPG
4 ADP
4
+4
ATP
2
ATP
pyruvate
2 NADH + H+
Fig. 7.9-4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
glucose
2
ATP
-2
ATP
2 ADP
P
2
G3P
2 P
2 NAD+
2 NADH + H+
2 P
P
BPG
4 ADP
4
+4
ATP
2
ATP
pyruvate
2 NADH + H+
2 NAD+
2
ATP
(net gain)
2
or
2
2
lactate
alcohol
CO2
Fig. 7.9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
glucose
2
ATP
-2
ATP
2 ADP
P
2
G3P
2 P
2 NAD+
2 NADH + H+
2 P
P
BPG
4 ADP
4
+4
ATP
2
ATP
pyruvate
2 NADH + H+
2 NAD+
2
ATP
(net gain)
2
or
2
2
lactate
alcohol
CO2
Page 122
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Fermentation
inputs
outputs
2 lactate or
glucose
2 alcohol and 2 CO2
2
ATP
4 ADP +
2 ADP
4
P
2
2
ATP
net gain
ATP
Page 123
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Cytoplasm
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
and FADH2
1. Glycolysis
glucose
pyruvate
2. Preparatory reaction
3.
Citric acid
cycle
4.
Electron transport
chain
Page 124
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NADH + H+
NADH + H+
e.
a.
ATP
b.
c.
ATP
d.
ATP