Download 9-1 Chemical Pathways

Chapter 9 pgs:220-232gy
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DO
NOW!!!
• Collect notes from counter.
• Write down homework assignment
• What element makes up most of the mass of
this Giant Sequoia?
• Where did this element come from?
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
9-1 Chemical Pathways
Food serves as a source of raw materials for the
cells in the body and as a source of energy.
Animal Cells
Animal
Mitochondrion
Plant
Plant Cells
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Cellular Respiration
Both plant and animal cells carry out Cellular
Respiration in the mitochondria.
Mitochondrion
Animal Cells
Outer membrane
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
Matrix
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Plant Cells
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Overview of Cellular Respiration
What is cellular respiration?
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process that
releases energy by breaking down
_glucose and other food molecules in
the presence of _oxygen and produces
useable energy (ATP)
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Overview of Cellular Respiration
The equation for cellular respiration is:
6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
What is the word equation?
Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water +Energy
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Overview of cellular respiration
Three stages of cellular respiration:
PART 1: Glycolysis:
1. Location: happens in the cytoplasm
2. Produces 2 ATP
PART 2: Kreb’s cycle:
1. Location: Happens inside the mitochondria
2. Produces 2 ATP
PART 3: Electron Transport Chain:
1. Location: Happens inside the mitochondria
2. Produces 32 ATP
Total ATP produced = 36 ATP
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried
in NADH and
FADH2
Pyruvic
acid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
Chapter 8 section 8-1
Information about ATP
structure and function are in
chapter 8 section 8-1
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
Chemical Energy and ATP
Energy comes in many forms including light, heat,
and electricity.
Energy can be stored in chemical compounds, too.
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
An important chemical compound that cells use to
store and release energy is adenosine
triphosphate, abbreviated ATP.
ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic
energy source.
This is a USEABLE form of energy.
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP consists of:
• adenine
• ribose (a 5-carbon sugar)
• 3 phosphate groups
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
Storing Energy
Energy is stored in ATP by forming chemical bond
between the second and third phosphates.
P
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
Releasing Energy
Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking the
chemical bond between the second and third
phosphates.
2 Phosphate groups
P
ADP
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
Storing Energy
ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three.
A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding
a phosphate group to ADP forming ___ATP___
ATP
ADP
+
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP) + Phosphate
Partially
charged
battery
Energy
Energy
Fully
charged
battery
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
Storing Energy
ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three.
A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding
a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP
ATP
ADP
+
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP) + Phosphate
Partially
charged
battery
Energy
Energy
Fully
charged
battery
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
What is the role of ATP in cellular
activities?
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8-1 Energy And Life
Chemical Energy and ATP
The energy from ATP is needed for many
cellular activities, including active transport
across cell membranes, protein synthesis and
muscle contraction.
ATP’s characteristics make it exceptionally
useful as the basic energy source of all
cells.
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm.
The Krebs cycle and electron transport take
place in the mitochondria.
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Where is ATP made?
• During the three phases of cellular
respiration:
1. Glycolysis (net gain of 2 ATP)
1. Location: _Cytoplasm_________
2. Kreb’s Cycle (2 ATP)
1. Location: Mitochondria
3. Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP)
1. Location: Mitochondria
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Glycolysis
What happens during the process of
glycolysis?
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Glycolysis
ATP Production
At the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up 2
molecules of ATP to start the reaction.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP
Glucose
2 Pyruvic
acid
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Glycolysis
This gives the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP
Glucose
2 Pyruvic
acid
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Glycolysis
The Advantages of Glycolysis
The process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can
produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few
milliseconds.
Glycolysis does not require oxygen, but it does
require ____glucose__________________.
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9-1
The raw materials required for cellular
respiration are
a. carbon dioxide and oxygen.
b. glucose and water.
c. glucose and oxygen.
d. carbon dioxide and water.
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9-1
Glycolysis occurs in the
a. mitochondria.
b. cytoplasm.
c. nucleus.
d. chloroplasts.
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9-1
The net gain of ATP molecules after glycolysis is
a. 3 ATP molecules.
b. 2 ATP molecules.
c. 3 pyruvic acid molecules.
d. 4 pyruvic acid molecules
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9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Oxygen is required for the final steps of cellular
respiration.
1. Kreb’s cycle (2 ATP)
2. Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP)
Because the pathways of cellular respiration
require oxygen, they are aerobic.
Long term energy production requires oxygen to
be present.
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9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
The Totals
The Totals
Glycolysis produces just _2___ ATP molecules
per molecule of glucose.
The complete breakdown of glucose through
cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in
the production of 36 molecules of ATP.
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9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular
respiration take place in opposite directions.
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Fermentation
What happens if oxygen is NOT present?
Can you still make ATP?
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Fermentation
Fermentation
When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed
by a different pathway.
The combined process of this pathway and
glycolysis is called fermentation.
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Fermentation
Fermentation
Fermentation releases energy from food
molecules by producing ATP in the absence of
oxygen.
Fermentation allows for short term energy
production in the absence of oxygen.
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Fermentation
During fermentation, glycolysis can produce a
steady supply of ATP.
Fermentation does not require oxygen—it is an
anaerobic process.
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Fermentation
What are the two main types of
fermentation?
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use
alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and
carbon dioxide as wastes.
The equation for alcoholic fermentation after
glycolysis is:
pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
(ex: production of bread)
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a
result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.
This type of fermentation is called lactic acid
fermentation.
Ex: your muscles or bacteria (how we get yogurt)
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Overview of aerobic and
anaerobic
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9-2
To generate energy over long periods, the body
must use
a. stored ATP.
b. lactic acid fermentation.
c. cellular respiration.
d. glycolysis.
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9-2
Which statement correctly describes
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
a. Photosynthesis releases energy, while
cellular respiration stores energy.
b. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration use
the same raw materials.
c. Cellular respiration releases energy, while
photosynthesis stores energy.
d. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis
produce the same products.
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