Download Major Organic Compounds ppt

smallest unit of matter that retains
its chemical properties
a substance made up of only one
type of atom (periodic table of elements)
bonding between atoms of 1 or
more elements; smallest unit of a compound
chemical combination of two or
more elements in definite proportions
collection of compounds forming a living
unit; smallest unit of an organism
that can be considered living
molecular levels of
organization from
smallest to cell
Can a substance be
both an element
and a molecule?
atom
element
molecule
Can a substance be
CO2 NaCl
both a molecule and
C6H12O6 compounds
a compound?
What is O2? O3?
cell
H
Li
He
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
K
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Y
Ti
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Fr
Pt Au Hg Ti
Pb
Bi
I
Po At Rn
Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha
C
H
N
O
P
Xe
S
CarbonHydrogen
NitrogenOxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
H
Li
Carbon is an element.
C
He
Be
B
C
N
O
F
N
Na Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
K
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Y
Ti
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Fr
Pt Au Hg Ti
Pb
Bi
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha
What is
commonly found as graphite, diamonds
carbon?
carbon = 50% of our dry weight
 the term “carbon-based” life form
6
-
-
S
C
++ +
+++
-
carbon
-
12.011
How many protons?
6
How many neutrons?
6
How many energy levels? 2
How many electrons?
6
atomic number
= atomic mass
atomic number (6 protons) is constant
number of neutrons may vary (6, 7, 8)
 atomic mass varies
Different atomic masses of the same
element are called isotopes.
Isotopes of carbon:
carbon 12 -
12C
carbon 13 -
13C
carbon 14 -
14C
6
C
carbon
12
1
4
3
S
C
H
1 1
2 3
Li 4
Be
6
Na Mg
K
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Y
Ti
V
Cr Mn Fe
O
Ni
B 6
C
5
N
O
F
N
Al
P
S
Cl
Ar
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
Si
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
What propertiesPt are
Au Hg Ti
used to position carbon
Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha
on the periodic table?
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Fr
2
He
+
+ +
+ ++
Pb
Bi
Xe
Po At Rn
# of protons = atomic number
# of energy levels
ORGANIC compounds contain a
carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a
carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)
CO2
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
water
most important
inorganic compound in
living things
most cellular processes
take place in water
solutions
excellent solvent
(substances dissolve in
water)
Carbohydrates
are organic compounds containing carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1
(carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
are made by plants (autotrophs)
are the body’s primary source of energy
are made of monomers (building blocks)
called monosaccharides
come in two basic forms:
monomers and polymers
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily
identified by their sweet taste.
Glucose is a
monosaccharide.
C6 H12 O6
Other monosaccharides:
fructose (fruit sugar)
galactose (milk sugar).
Note the ring shape of
the molecule.
CH2OH
H
C
C
H
OH
OH
C
H
O
H
H
C
C OH
OH
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates
made of long chains of monosaccharides.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and
cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources
of complex carbs.
CH2OH
H
C
H
C
OH
OH
C
H
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
C
OH
H
C
O
H
C
C
H
O
OH
C
H
H
OH
C
H
C
H
C
O
C
H
OH
C
H
O
H
H C
OH
C
OH
Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a
sugar with only two monosaccharides.
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage (short-term), structure or
support
Name examples of carbohydrates.
glucose, starch, cellulose
chemically diverse
organic compounds
contain C, H, O
function in hormones
and cell membrane and
for energy storage
water insoluble
glycerol
classified as
saturated or
unsaturated
also steroids (serve
as chemical
messengers)
examples: fats, oils, waxes
made up of
glycerol
H
H C
and
fatty acids
Note the
molecular
structure’s “E”
shape
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H H H H H H
C C
C
C
C
C
C H
H H H H H H
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H H H H H H
C C
C
C
C
C
C H
H H H H H H
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C
H
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H H H H H H
C
C C
C
C
C
C
C H
H H H H H H
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the functions of lipids?
energy storage (long-term), make up
the cell membrane and hormones
Name examples of lipids.
body fat, oils, waxes
complex organic
compounds made up of
amino acids, needed
for the body to
function properly
Enzymes are
proteins which
function to
control the rate
of chemical
reactions.
3D protein structure
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,
http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif
contain C, O, H, N
and usually S
examples: muscles,
hair, cartilage, nails
are made up of
an amino group
a carboxyl group
and an “R” group which
varies in the different
amino acids
H
H
N
H
C
H C
O
N
H
H
H
Alanine
N
H
C
O
C
OH
R
H
H
C
OH
H
H
O
C
C
H C
H
OH
Serine
OH
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
structure or support; enzymes speed up
chemical reactions
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis.
Name examples of proteins.
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
nucleotide
nitrogen
base
sugar
very large linear molecules
contain C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information,
help to make proteins
phosphate
sugar
nitrogen
base
phosphate
made up of nucleotides
containing a sugar,
phosphate and a N-base
examples: DNA and RNA
DNA molecule
What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic
acids?
nucleotides
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store genetic information, help to make
proteins
Name examples of nucleic acid.
DNA, RNA