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Biochemistry Review
pg 24 - 74
Carbohydrates
• C1 H2 O1 (in monomers)
• Monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides
• Functions: energy, structure
• Starch, cellulose, glucose, glycogen, sucrose
Lipids
• Contain C,H, and O (mostly)
• Triglycerides for example
– Glycerol, 3 fatty acids
• Stores more energy than carbs or proteins (9
vs. 4 Calories)
• Saturated vs. Unsaturated
– Which one is healthier
• Functions: Cell wall (phospho-), hormones,
energy storage
Proteins
• Monomer = amino acid
• N-C-C-N-C-C
• Functions: Enzymes, structures like muscle
fibers, hair, nails
• Carboxyl end and amino end
• Peptide bond
Functional Groups
O
O P O
O
• Phosphate
Isomers
• Structural isomer
– Variation in sequence of atoms
• Stereoisomer
– Same sequence but different 3D
orientation
– Mirror image
• Geometric isomer
– Alternate arrangement across a
double bond
Nutrient Testing
• Benedict’s – monosaccharides (some di-),
positive is green, red, orange, or yellow
• Iodine (Lugol’s) – Starch, black or dark blue-ish
• Biuret – Protein, violet
• Sudan IV – Lipids, orange/pink
• Paper test – Lipids, translucence
Enzymes
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Catalyst lowers activation energy
Enzyme-substrate complex, activation site
Lock and Key vs. Induced Fit
Temperature, pH, concentration of: enzyme
and substrate
• Competitive vs. Noncompetitive inhibition