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Basic Chemistry
Biochemistry
Types of Compounds

Two types of compounds important to
life:
 Organic Compounds
 Inorganic Compounds
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
• Organic compounds
• Contain carbon
• Most are covalently bonded
• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Inorganic compounds
• Lack carbon
• Tend to be simpler compounds
• Example: H2O (water)
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2.21
Important Inorganic Compounds
 Water
 Salts
 Acids/Bases
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Water
• Most abundant inorganic compounds
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity
• Polarity/solvent properties
• Chemical reactivity
• Cushioning
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2.22
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Salts
• Easily dissolve in the presence of
water
• Vital to many body functions
• Include electrolytes which conduct
electrical currents
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2.23
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Acids
• Can release detectable hydrogen ions
• Bases
• Proton acceptors
• Neutralization reaction
• Acids and bases react to form water and a
salt
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2.24
pH
• Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
• pH 7 = neutral
• pH below 7 = acidic
• pH above 7 = basic
• Buffers
• Chemicals that can
regulate pH change
Figure 2.11
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2.25
Quick Quiz 1 of 2
1.
Why is water so important to living things?
2.
Give one example of what salts do for living
things.
Important Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic
 ATP
Acids
Important Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Include sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
• Polysaccharides – long branching chains
of linked simple sugars
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2.26
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.12a, b
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2.27
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.12c
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Important Organic Compounds
• Lipids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
• Insoluble in water
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2.29
Lipids
Figure 2.14a, b
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Important Organic Compounds
• Proteins
• Made of amino acids
• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
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2.33a
Important Organic Compounds
PROTEINS
• Account for over half of the body’s organic
matter
• Provides for construction materials for
body tissues
• Plays a vital role in cell function
• Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
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2.33b
Enzymes
• Act as biological catalysts
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16
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2.34
Important Organic Compounds
• Nucleic Acids
• Provide blueprint of life
• Nucleotide bases
• A = Adenine
• G = Guanine
• C = Cytosine
• T = Thymine
• U = Uracil
• Make DNA and RNA
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2.35
Important Organic Compounds
• Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
• Organized by
complimentary bases
to form double helix
• Replicates before
cell division
• Provides instruction
for every protein in
the body
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Figure 2.17c
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2.36
Important Organic Compounds
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Chemical energy used by all cells
• Energy is released by breaking high energy
phosphate bond
• ATP is replenished by oxidation of food
fuels
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2.37
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.18a
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2.38
How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.19
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2.39
Quick Quiz 2 of 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
Enzymes are made of what kind of important
organic molecule?
Why do we need carbohydrates?
Give two examples of sources of lipids for
humans
Why is ATP such an important molecule?