Download Biosynthesis and Usage of Lysine

Biosynthesis and Usage of
Lysine
Group 4:
資工系博士班 904325 彭千華
資工系博士班 918309 彭士齊
資工系博士班 918317 徐婕婷
資工系博士班 938342 張家銘
Introduction of Lysine
Lysine (C6H14N2O2 )
~ an essential basic amino acid
~ net positive charge
~ commonly found on the surfaces of proteins and enzymes,
and sometimes appears in the active site.
11 / 19 / 2004
Introduction of Lysine
Richest sources :
red meats, fish, and dairy products (milk, eggs, cheese).
Poor source :
Vegetables
with the exception of legumes (beans, peas, lentils).
11 / 19 / 2004
Introduction of Lysine
L-lysine is both a glycogenic and a ketogenic amino acid.
formation
D-glucose + glycogen + lipids + energy
L-lysine does not participate in trans-amination. It is the exception to
the general rule that the first step in catabolism of an amino acid is the
removal of its alpha-amino group by transamination to form the
respective alpha-keto acid.
L-hydroxylysine, found in collagen and elastin, is formed
post-translationally.
11 / 19 / 2004
Usage of Lysine
An important structural component of many proteins.
• Is needed to make the non-essential amino acid (L-carnitine), which
is required for the transport, and utilisation of fats.
• Enhances the assimilation and absorption of calcium.
• Is necessary for helping the immune system produce antibodies.
• Lysine is an amino acid that is a building block for all protein. In
children it is essential for bone development. Lysine also benefits
the production of enzymes and hormones.
11 / 19 / 2004
Usage of Lysine
• When vitamin C is combined with lysine, the formation of collagen is
enhanced. Collagen is important to the formation of bone and tissue
along with its repair. Because lysine helps to build muscle protein, it is
good for those recovering from surgery and sports injuries.
• It also lowers high serum triglyceride levels.
• Prevent and relieve cold sores (herpes / shingles lesions )
When lysine is present, it inhibits the growth of HSV by knocking out
arginine. This makes a diet high in lysine and low in arginine a useful
tool in managing HSV infections.
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Finding a pathway of Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Lysine Biosynthesis
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Lysine Biosynthesis
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Lysine Biosynthesis
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Genes of Lysine Biosynthesis
L-Aspartate
↓ aspartokinase I / homoserine dehydrogenase I [EC:2.7.2.4 1.1.1.3]
4-Phospho-L-aspartate
↓ aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AsA dehydrogenase) [EC:1.2.1.11]
L-Aspartate 4-semialdehyde
↓ dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) [EC:4.2.1.52]
2,3-Dihydrodipicolinate
↓ dihydrodipicolinate reductase [EC:1.3.1.26]
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydrodipicolinate
↓ 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate N-succinyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.117]
N-Succinyl-2-L-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate
↓ N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.17]
N-Succinyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate
↓ succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase (SDAP) [EC:3.5.1.18]
LL-2,6-Diaminopimelate
↓ diaminopimelate epimerase [EC:5.1.1.7]
meso-2,6-Diaminopimelate
↓ diaminopimelate decarboxylase (dap decarboxylase) [EC:4.1.1.20]
L-Lysine
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Aspartate Metabolism
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Aspartate Metabolism
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Aspartate Metabolism
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Genes of Aspartate Metabolism
Oxaloacetate
↓ putative aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1]
L-Aspartate  Lysine Biosynthesis
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of TCA cycle
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of TCA cycle
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of TCA cycle
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/
11 / 19 / 2004
Genes of TCA cycle
Path 1
Phosphoenolpyruvate PEP
↓ phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) [EC:4.1.1.49]
Oxaloacetate  aspartate metabolism
Path 2
Acetyl-CoA
↓ citrate synthase [EC:2.3.3.1]
Citrate
↓ citrate lyase alpha chain [EC:4.1.3.6 2.8.3.10]
Oxaloacetate  aspartate metabolism
Path 3
Acetyl-CoA
↓ citrate synthase [EC:2.3.3.1]
Citrate
↓ citrate lyase alpha chain [EC:4.1.3.6 2.8.3.10]
(3S)-Citryl-CoA
↓ citrate lyase beta chain / citryl-CoA lyase [EC:4.1.3.6 4.1.3.34]
Oxaloacetate  aspartate metabolism
11 / 19 / 2004
Genes of TCA cycle
Branch 1
Citrate
↓ aconitate hydratase 2 [EC:4.2.1.3]
cis-Aconitate
↓ aconitate hydratase 2 [EC:4.2.1.3]
Isocitrate
↓ isocitrate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.42]
Oxalosuccinate
↓ isocitrate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.42]
2-Oxoglutarate
↓ 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component [EC:1.2.4.2]
3-Carboxy-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP
↓ 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component [EC:1.2.4.2]
S-Succinyldihydrolipoamide
↓ 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E2 component (dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase) [EC:2.3.1.61]
Succinyl-CoA
↓ succinyl-CoA synthetase beta chain [EC:6.2.1.5]
Succinate
↓ succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b-556 subunit [EC:1.3.99.1]
Fumarate
↓ fumarate hydratase [EC:4.2.1.2]
(S)-Malate
↓ putative malate dehydrogenase, archaea type [EC:1.1.1.37]
Oxaloacetate  aspartate metabolism
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Glycolysis
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Glycolysis
11 / 19 / 2004
Graph of Glycolysis
11 / 19 / 2004
Genes of Glycolysis
alpha-D-Glucose
↓ glucokinase (glucose kinase) [EC:2.7.1.2]
alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
↓ glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [EC:5.3.1.9]
beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
↓ 6-phosphofructokinase isozyme 2 (phosphofructokinase-2) [EC:2.7.1.11]
beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
↓ fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, class I [EC:4.1.2.13]
D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
↓ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (second fragment) [EC:1.2.1.12]
1,3-Bisphospho-D-glycerate
↓ phosphoglycerate kinase [EC:2.7.2.3]
D-Glycerate 3-phosphate
↓ phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.1]
D-Glycerate 2-phosphate
↓ enolase [EC:4.2.1.11]
Phosphoenolpyruvate PEP  TCA cycle path1
11 / 19 / 2004
alpha-D-Glucose
↓ glucokinase (glucose kinase) [EC:2.7.1.2]
alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
↓ glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [EC:5.3.1.9]
beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
↓ 6-phosphofructokinase isozyme 2 (phosphofructokinase-2) [EC:2.7.1.11]
beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
↓ fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, class I [EC:4.1.2.13]
D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
↓ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (second fragment) [EC:1.2.1.12]
1,3-Bisphospho-D-glycerate
↓ phosphoglycerate kinase [EC:2.7.2.3]
D-Glycerate 3-phosphate
↓ phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.1]
D-Glycerate 2-phosphate
↓ enolase [EC:4.2.1.11]
Phosphoenolpyruvate PEP
↓ pyruvate kinase I (PK-1) [EC:2.7.1.40]
Pyruvate
↓ pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component [EC:1.2.4.1]
2-Hydroxyethyl-ThPP
↓ pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component [EC:1.2.4.1]
6-S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide
↓ dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component (E2) of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
[EC:2.3.1.12]
Acetyl-CoA
TCA cycle path2 path3
11 / 19 / 
2004
Genes of Glycolysis
Genes of Glycolysis
Branch 1
beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
↓ fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, class I [EC:4.1.2.13]
Glycerone phosphate
↓ triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) [EC:5.3.1.1]
D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Branch 2
1,3-Bisphospho-D-glycerate
↓ putative acylphosphatase (acylphosphate phosphohydrolase) [EC:3.6.1.7]
D-Glycerate 3-phosphate
11 / 19 / 2004
Reference
http://ecocyc.org/background.shtml
http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/
http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/1,1525,862,00.html
http://www.springboard4health.com/notebook/proteins_lysine.html
http://www.aw-bc.com/mathews/ch05/ta5p1.htm
http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/lly_0166.shtml
http://www.greatvistachemicals.com/amino_acids/l-lysine.html
11 / 19 / 2004