Download Details about Biomolecules

Carbohydrates-sugars
 Made of C, H,O
 Names end in -ose
glucose C6H12O6
Carbohydrate basics
 Monomer:
 monosaccharide – one sugar
 What organelle makes it?
 Chloroplast by the process of Photosynthesis
 Functions of carbohydrates:
 Short term energy storage (glycogen/starch)
 Structure: plants – cell wall animals – exoskeleton
 Source of carbon for other molecules
Monosaccharide: Simple Sugars
Examples of complex sugars
 Two general classes
 1. Disaccharide:

2 monosaccharides linked together Examples:
 Sucrose – Table sugar (glucose + fructose)
 2. Polysaccharide:

2+ monosaccharides bonded together
 Examples:

Starch – storage of glucose in plants (potatoes…)
Energy Storage Polysaccharides
 Starch
 Stores glucose in plants
 Glycogen
 Major storage form of glucose in animals
 Stored in liver and muscle
Structural Polysaccharides
 Cellulose
 Major component of a plant cell wall
 Difficult to digest
 Chitin
 Is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
Information Storage and Energy Transfer
Nucleic Acid Basics
 Made of C,H,O,N,P
 Monomer = nucleotide
 Functions
- DNA: information storage
- RNA: information transfer
- ATP: energy transfer
Meet the Monomer-Nucleotide
P = Phosphate Group
S = 5 Carbon Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
B = Nitrogen Base
DNA vs. RNA
 Double stranded
Single Stranded
 Sugar–Deoxyribose
Sugar – ribose
 Nitrogen Bases
Nitrogen Bases
Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Nucleic Acid Types - ATP
 Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
 ATP is a single nucleotide
 High energy molecule
 Produced by cellular
respiration in
mitochondria
Protein Basics
 Made of C,H,O, N
 Monomers = amino acids
- 20 different types
 Proteins = the polymer = polypeptide
Meet the monomer –Amino acid
 3 main parts
- Amino group = NH2
- Carboxyl group = COOH
- R group (side chain)
Proteins Shape
 Protein shape is determined by the order of amino acids
 Shape of a protein determines function
Hemoglobin
antibody
enzymes
polymerase
Protein Functions
 Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions
 Structure –hair, nails, muscles, spider web, silk, hooves etc.
 Hormones – chemical messengers
 Hemoglobin – in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Lipids
Fats, Oils and Other Things
Lipid Basics
 Made of C,H,O
 monomer = glycerol + fatty acids
 hydrophobic - don’t dissolve in water

oil and water don’t mix
Fatty Acids
 2 types – saturated and unsaturated
 - What’s the difference?
C atoms
- saturated fatty acids =
*no double bonds
*maximum # of H atoms
- unsaturated fatty acids
*double bonds between
atoms
Lipids- Fats and Oils…energy
insulation and more
•
Fats & Oils (triglycerides)- long term energy
storage
Health tip:
Saturated or hydrogenated fats(bad) vs.
unsaturated (good)
2-24
Lipids: types and functions
 Fats/Oils – long term energy storage
 Phospholipids – cell membranes
 Steroids – make hormones
 Waxes – waterproofing
 Phospholipids create the structure of cell
membranes



2 layers of phospholipids
Phosphates face out – interact with water
Lipid tails = hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
WATER