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Download Bio Ch18 Classification 2013
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Classification Why? Biology Ch 18 1 2 Puma Cougar Panther ONE name = “Felis concolor” 3 Systems of Classification Based on SIMILARITIES • • • • • • Visual Location Anatomical Physiological Genetic ??? Easiest to identify? MOST important/ BEST relationships? 4 Classification Systems Visual Similarities Barnacle Limpet 5 Linnaeus’s System • Hierarchy • Seven levels - Taxons – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species 6 King Philip? King Philip Came Over For Good Soup Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 7 Binomial Nomenclature Genus and Species name Polar bear – Ursus maritimus Grizzly Bear – Ursus arctos Giant Panda – Ailuropoda melanoleuca 8 Classification Systems Visual Similarities = PROBLEMS? 9 Old vs. Modern Systems Evolutionary classification (descent characteristics): Segmented bodies Derived characteristics = Jointed limbs CLADOGRAM 10 Exoskeleton that is shed Exercise 11 DNA Similarities African Vulture American Vulture Stork 12 Molecular Clock • The molecular clock is a technique that uses fossil evidence and rates of genetic change to determine the time in when two species diverged. • It is used to estimate the time of occurrence of events called speciation or genetic radiation. • The molecular data used for such calculations is usually changes in nucleotide sequences in DNA or changes in amino acid sequences in proteins. • It is sometimes called a gene clock or evolutionary clock. 13 History of Classification Systems 1700’s – Plants & Animals Late 1800’s – Plants, Animals & Protists 1950’s – Plants, Animals, Protists & Monera 1990’s – Plants, Animals, Protists, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria Introduced Kingdom Names 1700’s Plants Late 1800’s 1950’s 1990’s Animals Protists Monera Archaebacteria Eubacteria Plants Animals Protists Fungi Plants Animals Protists Fungi Plants Animals 14 Modern Classification System • Three domains – Eukarya: Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals – Bacteria: Eubacteria – Archaea: Archaebacteria • Six kingdoms – – – – – – Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protists Fungi Plantae Animalia 15 Kingdom Characteristics Domain Kingdom Cell type Cell Structures Number of cells Nutrition mode Examples COMPLETE your worksheet 16 Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Kingdom Eubacteria Archabacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals Cell Type Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Cell Structures Cell walls Cell walls Cell walls of cellulose; some w/ chloroplasts Cell walls of chitin Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls; no chloroplasts Number of cells Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonies; come multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular Muticellular Nutrition mode Auto- or heterotroph Auto- or heterotroph Auto- or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph Examples E. coli methanogens Amoeba, Protozoa, Kelp Mushroom, yeast Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fish, 17 mammals 18 How to identify unknown organisms? Dichotomous key A series of “yes/no” questions (or two opposites) that lead to a final answer 19 20
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