Download 2.1 Characteristics of Living Things

Unit 3 Structure and
Function Notes Part 1
It’s Alive or, Is It?
M. Elizabeth
Martin Luther King, Jr. JHS
2006
Chapter 2 It’s Alive, or Is It
2.1 Characteristics of Living Things
2.2 The Simple Bare Necessities of Life
2.3 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2 Review
2.1 Characteristics of Living Things
The six characteristics of Living Things:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
All living things have cells
All living things sense and respond to
change
All living things reproduce
All living things have DNA
All living things use energy
All living things grow and develop
2.1 Characteristics of Living Things
All living things have cells
1.



Unicellular (single celled organisms)
Multicellular (organisms made of more
than one kind of cells)
Excludes viruses because virus are
organisms that are made of DNA/RNA
and a protein coat – not exactly a cell.
2. All living things sense and respond to
change
An important part of sensing and
responding to environmental changes
is maintaining homeostasis.
Homeostasis– the maintenance of a
stable internal environment despite a
changing external environment
3. All living things reproduce
There are two types of reproduction:
Asexual – a single parent produces an
identical offspring.
Lots of organisms reproduce this
way (bacteria and algae). When
cells are cloned they are reproduced
in this way.
Sexual – requires two parents. Results
in a lot better chance for genetic
variation.
4. All living things have DNA



DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
Provides instructions for making
molecules – proteins that take part in all
cellular functions and in the synthesis of
other kinds of molecules needed for cells
to exist.
Sometimes called the blueprints of life.
Reproduction involves making copies of DNA
that is transferred to offspring.
The transmission of characteristics/traits
from one generation to another is called
heredity
____________
5. All living things use energy
Metabolism – all chemical activities that use
or make available energy.
Producers – organisms that obtain energy
from the sun (photosynthetic) or certain
bacteria that use inorganic chemicals
(chemosynthetic)
Consumers – organisms that obtain energy by
eating other organisms.
Decomposers – Organisms that get their food
from breaking down nutrients from dead
organisms or animal wastes.
6. All living things grow and develop
Even single celled organisms like bacteria
grow slightly in size.
Babies grow to adult from a single cell
2.2 The Simple Bare Necessities of Life
Food
 Water
 Air
 A Place to Live

Food
Organisms use protein, fats, and
carbohydrates as our basic food
groups.
 Organisms may also need trace
minerals or vitamins in addition to the
basic food groups.
 Organisms differ in their food needs.

Food
We have discussed:
- make their own food
 Producers
- eat other organisms
 Consumers
 Decomposers - eat dead organisms
 Food eaters can also be broken down
into type:

 Autotrophs
- Create their own food
 Heterotrophs - Obtain food from others
Essential Elements – Chemistry of
Life
 The basic elements that make up most
of biological molecules are
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen
 Oxygen
 Phosphorous
 Sulfur
Main Types of Molecules –
Chemistry of Life
 The Main Types of Biological Molecules
 Proteins
– made of amino acids. Enzymes
are special proteins that allow cell
reactions to occur.
 Carbohydrates – starches made of sugars
 Lipids – fats, phospholipids (what
membranes are made of)
 Nucleic Acids – made of nucleotides
 ATP – useable cellular energy – adenosine
tri phosphate
Water
Water is the essence of life
 70 percent of most cells are made of
water
 Humans can survive about 3 days
without water
 The chemical formula for water is H2O

Air

Mixture of several different gases the
main ones in order of highest
concentration:
 Nitrogen
 Oxygen
 Argon
 Water
Vapor
 Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen is used for aerobic respiration
in both plant and animal cells
 Oxygen is not used for anaerobic
(without oxygen) respiration
 Green plants and other photosynthetic
organisms need carbon dioxide in
addition to oxygen.

 The
carbon dioxide is for photosynthesis
and oxygen used for aerobic respiration.
Photosynthesis




The energy that powers photosynthesis
comes from the sun light.
Occurs in the chloroplasts within plant cells
Chlorophyll a green pigment in chloroplasts
absorb the sun’s energy that is then used to
create glucose sugar
Starch is the complex carbohydrate plants
use to store the glucose sugar molecules
that plants produce during photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis

The chemical reaction for photosynthesis
is:
6CO2 + 6H2O



Sunlight
C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for glucose
Glucose is the main product of
photosynthesis.
Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of
splitting water during photosynthesis
Respiration
Occurs in mitochondria found in both
animal and plant cells
 Oxygen is used to convert stored
sugar (glucose) into useable chemical
energy (ATP)

A Place to live
Some organisms need a lot of space to
live.
 This is why governments are starting
to create habitat management plans so
that there are places for animals to
live.
 Animals need the help with finding a
place to live because people have out
competed animals for living place
resources.

Could life as we know it exist on
Earth if air only contained oxygen?
Life could not exist as we know it if air
only contained oxygen because green
plants, algae, and some bacteria need
carbon dioxide gas as well as oxygen.
 Without carbon dioxide photosynthesis
could not occur and there would not be
producers which consumers need to
eat.

Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
phospholipids
In the cell membrane, ________________
(protein or phospholipid) molecules form two
layers.
When a planarian worm is cut in half, each half
develops into a whole worm. This is an example of
__________
(asexual or sexual) reproduction.
asexual
Nucleic acids are
(Proteins or Nucleic acids)______________
sometimes called the blueprints of life.
(Homeostasis or Heredity) _______________is
Heredity
the passing of traits from one generation to the
next.
Metabolism
(Metabolism or Homeostasis) _____________
refers to all of the chemical activities that an
organism’s cells perform.
6. _________
is a complex carbohydrate
Starch
manufactured by plants.
a. Oil
b. Protein
c. Starch
d. Hemoglobin
a. homeostasis.
b. a stimulus.
c. a reaction.
d. an enzyme.
7. When a duck dives under water, its inner
eyelids automatically raise to cover the
duck’s eyes. In this case, water acts
as__________
a stimulus
8. The molecule that provides energy for
cellular processes is__________
ATP
a. ATP.
b. DNA.
c. RNA.
d. protein.
amino acids.
9. The subunits of proteins are __________
a. enzymes.
c. nucleotides.
b. amino acids.
d. sugar molecules.
10. The subunits of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
__________
a. enzymes.
c. nucleotides.
b. amino acids.
d. sugar molecules.
acids
11. Cells do not use nucleic
___________for
energy
storage.
a. fats
c. carbohydrates
b. oils
d. nucleic acids
12. Plant cells need carbon dioxide which is
used for photosynthesis
__________
a. cellular respiration.
c. photosynthesis.
b. reproduction.
d. fertilization.
13. The energy that powers photosynthesis
comes from Light
______________.
from the sun
a. light from the sun.
b. sugar breakdown.
c. gas molecules.
d. soil chlorophyll.
Light energy
14. Chlorophyll absorbs ________________.
a. water.
c. light energy.
b. carbon dioxide. d. soil oxygen
15. Food molecules are broken down to
release energy by the _______________.
mitochondria
a. ribosomes.
c. mitochondria.
b. endoplasmic reticulum. d. chloroplasts.
16. Most of the ATP produced by a cell is
mitochondria
made in the __________________.
a. ribosomes.
c. mitochondria.
b. endoplasmic reticulum. d. chloroplasts.