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DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid “The Blueprint of Life” I. DNA Structure & Function A. What is DNA? 1. Organic molecule 2. Nucleic acid B.Where is it located? 1. Nucleus 2. Chromosomes DNA Chromosomes in Nucleus C. Structure of DNA 1. Nucleotides a. Phosphoric Acid b. Deoxyribose sugar c. Nitrogenous bases: Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine 2. Ladder Shape 3. Double strand, helix twist Ladder Shape (Sides & Rungs) Sides: Phosphoric Acid Sugar Phosphoric Acid Rungs: A-T T-A G-C C-G T-A G-C C-G A-T Sugar Acid Sugar Acid Sugar Watson & Crick’s Double helix: D. What is DNA’s Function? Hereditary Instructions Chemical code for every trait “Blueprint” for making Proteins Chromosome DNA Code: Genes = Segments of DNA Code for a trait Hair Color Eye Color DNA Chromosome Code: Acid Acid Sugar-T-A-Sugar Acid Acid Sugar-G-C-Sugar Acid Acid Sugar-C-G-Sugar Triplets= Sets of 3 Nucleotides Code for Trait DNA Chromosome Code: Like Morse Code: Hair = *** *- ** *-* Or DNA A-T A-T G-C C-G T-A C-G DNA Replication Chromosomes double Mitosis Late Interphase 2n to 4n 2N 2N E. Steps for DNA Replication: 1. DNA untwists 2. DNA unzips 1. 2. Enzyme: Helicase Replication Fork: 3. RNA Primer 1. Enzyme: Primase 4. Corresponding base pairs Line up In sets of 3 nucleotides Identical Strand DNA Replication Cont: 4. base pairs / Complementary Strand Line up In sets of 3 nucleotides: Triplets Or “codons Enzyme: DNA Polymerase III 5. Fragments Connect: Enzyme: Ligase DNA Replication Cont: 6. RNA is replaces and proofread Enzyme: Polymerase I 7. DNA reforms and twists to form double helix RNA Ribonucleic Acid “DNA messenger & taxi” II. RNA Structure & Function A. What is RNA? 1.Organic Molecule 2.Nucleic Acid 3. mRNA= messenger tRNA= transfer B. Where is RNA located? 1.mRNA in nucleus & cytoplasm 2.tRNA only in cytoplasm mRNA mRNA tRNA B. What is RNA’s structure? Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base 1. Nucleotides= a. Phosphoric Acid b. Ribose sugar c. Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine-Uracil Guanine-Cytocine 2. Single Strand 3. No Twisted helix Comparison of RNA & DNA: Acid Uracil Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Ribose Sugar-Base RNA Acid Acid Thymine Sugar-Base-Sugar Acid Acid Sugar-Base-Sugar Acid Acid DeoxySugar-Base-Sugar ribose Acid Acid DNA Ladder D. What are RNA’s functions: 1.mRNA= Copies the DNA code Deliveries message to Ribosome Protein Factories Why not send the original DNA code out? DNA might be damaged! mRNA components are reused To copy more messages Original DNA mRNA copy RNA function cont. Amino acid tRNA 2. tRNA: in cytoplasm Picks up an amino acid “Taxis” the aa to the Ribosome protein factories III. Protein Synthesis Assembling Proteins from the DNA Instructions A. Transcription: 1. mRNA is copied off of DNA 2. In nucleus 3. Steps: DNA untwists DNA unzips RNA codons line up Transcription: A T C G DNA Code mRNA U A G C mRNA has: Ribose sugar Uracil instead of thymine bases Nuclear membrane allows it to leave! Transcription in The nucleus DNA mRNA copy B. Translation = Conversion of the message (mRNA Code) Into a protein By the ribosome factories B.Translation 1. mRNA arrives at the Ribosome 2. tRNA picks up an amino acid 3. tRNA delivers the aa to the ribosome 4. aa are assembled into polypeptide proteins tRNA taxi A U C G U A G C mRNA code 4. Polypeptide Chain of amino acids grows • tRNA delivers amino acid 2. Peptide bond forms 3. tRNA leaves ribosome Summary: DNA Replication: Make duplicate DNA In nucleus Copy the chromosomes For Mitosis Protein Synthesis: 1. Transcrition: Make mRNA From DNA 2. Translation: Make protein Off mRNA code Using amino acids