Download Macromolecule Notes - Warren County Schools

Thursday, September 20th
QUIZ
TODAY!!!
Atoms, Ions, Isotopes, pH,
Water Properties, Bonding
Look over your notes!!
Thursday, September 20th
A
Do Now:
Identify the “building blocks” in the structures
below.
C
B
Macromolecules
Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain CARBON are
called organic.
– This is different from organic foods in
the grocery store.
Compounds that do not contain
CARBON are called inorganic.
Practice
Which compounds are considered organic?
• CH4
• H2O
• C6H12O6
• AgNO3
More on Organic Compounds
• May exist in different forms (isomers)
–Same formula, different structure
• Carbon backbone (skeleton) can be linear,
cyclic, or branched
• Contain “functional groups”
–Held together by covalent bonds
Isomers
Carbon Backbone
Functional Groups
Carbon (C)
• Carbon has 4 outer electrons
• Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or N.
• Example:
Carbon Video
CH4(methane)
Organic Compounds
• Macromolecules are large
organic molecules.
• Bio-molecules are the
macromolecules of life
Macromolecules
Video!
• Large organic molecules.
– Also called POLYMERS. (poly = many)
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS. (mono = one)
• 4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
Friday, September 21st
Get out your notes on
macromolecules from yesterday!
ALL make-up work and quizzes are due next Friday!!
After next Friday, all zeros are permanent!!
Quizzes should be made up before or after school.
If you need another copy of something, look in the
make-up work folder first, then fill out a pink form.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
• Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in
a 1:2:1 ratio.
• Building Block:
monosaccharide
Types of Carbs
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
aka: simple sugars
Examples:
glucose
glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar units
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
– Lactose (glucose + galactose)
– Maltose (glucose + glucose)
glucose
glucose
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
Carbohydrates
• Starches: serves as plant energy storage
(think potatoes)
– Glucose monomers joined together,
branched
• Glycogen: serves as animal energy storage
– Glucose monomers joined together,
straight
• Cellulose: structural component in plants
– Cannot be broken down by humans
Carbohydrates
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of
glucose monomers that
often has a branched
structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
monomer
Cellulose is a polymer
of glucose monomers
that has a straight, rigid
structure
Functions of
Carbohydrates
Broken down as a
source of energy
Part of cell structure
Test for Carbohydrates
• Simple Sugars: Benedict’s Solution
– Turns from blue to orange/yellow in simple
sugar solutions
• Starch: Iodine
– Turns from brown to black in starch solutions
Monday, September 24th
Short quiz today over carbohydrates
and characteristics of organic
molecules!!
All make-up work due Friday!
If you turned in a pink request form, your work
is on the front table.
Proteins
Proteins (Polypeptides)
Monomer:
Amino Acids
Linked together by
many peptide bonds
(polypeptide!)
20 Amino Acids! (your body makes 11)
Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino Acids
• Made of carbon bonded to a carboxyl
group (-), an amine group (+), a
hydrogen, and an R-group.
• Variation between amino acids comes
from different R-groups.
R Group = Functional Group
Amine
Group
Carboxyl
Group
Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Six functions and examples of proteins:
1. Storage:
albumin (egg white)
2. Transport:
hemoglobin (blood)
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement:
muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes:
cellular reactions
Protein: Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds (straight
chains)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
Peptide Bonds
aa4
aa5
aa6
Protein Indicator Test
• Biuret’s Test:
–Turns purple in the
presence of protein
Water
(control)
Protein
solution
More on
Enzymes…
Wednesday, September 26th
Blue Table of Contents:
1. Chemistry Vocabulary*
2. Basic Atomic Structure Worksheet and Atom Notes
3. Periodic Table
4. Atom Chart w/ neutral, ions, and isotopes
5. Bonding and Water Notes
Fill in your table of
6. pH Notes
contents and
7. pH Lab and Worksheet*
organize papers.
8. H2Olympics*
9. Macromolecule Notes
ALL make-up and
10.Enzyme Notes
missing work due
11. Macromolecule Worksheets*
FRIDAY!!
12.Macromolecule Lab*
Today’s Agenda
1.Finish Enzyme Notes
2.Lipid and Nucleic Acid
ALL
Notes
macromolecule
3.Begin Review
worksheets due
tomorrow!
LAB TOMORROW!!
TEST FRIDAY!!
Lipids
LIPIDS
BUILDING BLOCK:
FATTY ACIDS AND
GLYCEROL
ELEMENTS:
C H O
(NO RATIO but there
will be more C’s and H’s)
FATTY ACID AND
GLYCEROL
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
fatty acid
Lipids
• General term for compounds which are not
soluble in water. (non-polar)
• LIPIDS ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR
SUBSTANCES----DO NOT DISSOLVE IN
POLAR SUBSTANCES (ex: OIL/WATER)
• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
(phobic=fear, hydro=water)
Examples of LIPIDS
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid/ Hormones
6. Triglycerides
Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against water loss
4. Chemical messengers (hormones)
5. Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)
Lipids
Triglycerides:
composed of 1 glycerol and 3
fatty acids.
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
Fatty Acids
Video!
There are two kinds of fatty acids (carbon
chains) you may see on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
(bad)
O
saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds
(good)
O
unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
Indicator Test
Paper Bag Test
Lipids leave a translucent stain
Nucleic
Acids
Nucleic Acids
Building Block: Nucleotides
ELEMENTS: C
H
O
N
P
Nucleic acids
• Nucleotides include:
phosphate group
sugar
DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose
nitrogenous bases
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3
C2
Nitrogenous base
Nucleic acids
• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix)
**stores genetic
information**
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
**builds proteins**
5
DNA
double
helix
O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P
Vocabulary
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•
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•
•
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Organic
Inorganic
Building block
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lipid
Fatty acid
Glycerol
Glyceride
Protein
Amino acid
Dipeptide
Polypeptide
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide