Download Compounds of Life

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• Sugars and starches
• Consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• 2:1 ratio (2 H for every 1O)
• Types of carbohydrates:
– Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
– Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
• Building blocks of carbohydrates
• Simple sugars. Ex: glucose, fructose,
galactose.
• Contain energy in bonds.
Dehydration synthesis
“Dehydration” – loss of water
“Synthesis” – to make
• Water is removed and sugars are covalently
bonded.
Dehydration synthesis
Bond is formed between the –OH bonds
of each monosaccharide
OH from one bonds with the H of
the other OH
H20
Disaccharide is formed from the 2 sugars
Dissacharides
• Double Sugar (Glucose + Glucose)
• Example: Table Sugar
Polysaccharides
Many simple sugars bonded together
Excess sugar is stored as polysaccharides.
Formed by joining monosaccharide units.
Examples: cellulose (plant starch)
glycogen (animal starch)
Polysaccharide examples:
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
hundreds to thousands
of glucose molecules
hundreds of glucose
molecules
Hydrolysis
When polysaccharides are split apart to
form monosaccharides by adding water.
Hydrolysis= “hydro” water/ “lysis” to split
Molecule of water is consumed when the
bond between monosaccharides is split.
Functions of Lipids
Lipids store energy (C-H) bonds
Form biological membranes
Chemical messengers
Commonly known as fats, oils, and waxes
Structure of Lipids
3 fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol
molecule combined will produce lipids and
water.
Fatty-acids- building blocks of lipids / long
chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms that
have a carboxyl group attached.
Carboxyl group- made of 1 carbon atom, 1
hydrogen atom, and 2 oxygen atoms.
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Lipids
Saturated lipids are C-C
Solid at room temperature.
Examples: Butter, animal fat
Unsaturated lipids have at least one C=C
Liquid at room temperature
Examples: Oils
Structure of Lipids
Other Lipids
Examples:
-Cholesterol
-Steroids
-Waxes
-Phospholipids (cell membrane)
Sterols and Phospholipids
Sterols- provide membrane support and
serve as hormones.
Examples: cholesterol and steroids
Phospholipids- made of hydrophilic and
hydrophobic parts. (water loving and
hating)
– Important in membrane structures
Hydrophilic Head
(video)
Hydrophobic Tales
What are proteins?
Proteins- organic molecules made of
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Polymers of amino acids.
• Amino acid- building blocks of protien / made of an amino
group
Made up of:
- Amino Group (-NH2)
- Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
- H atom
- “R” group (Always varies)
• 20 different amino acids, which can combine to form an
amazing at least 1000 different proteins that make up living
tissue
Examples of amino acids
Amino acids form proteins through
dehydration synthesis
2 amino acids
form a
dipeptide bond
More than 2
amino acids
Is a
polypeptide
chain
Function of protein
• Carry out chemical reactions
• Let molecules in and out of cells
Protein Structure
Protein Structure
folded or
bent into sheets
Protein Structure
compacted
&
folded
Protein Structure (video)
when proteins
combine
Enzymes
• enzymes are proteins.
• Catalysts- substances that speed up the rate
of a reaction.
• Enzymes are the bodies catalysts!
• Nucleic acids- large organic molecules made up of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
phosphorous atoms.
– Made up of nucleotides
• Nucleotides- building blocks of nucleic acids / made
of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base.
• 2 types of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Elements that make up all living
organisms!!!
• Acronym 
Nucleotide
Function of Nucleic Acids
• DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA- ribonucleic acid
• Store and transmit genetic information.
Structure of Nucleic Acids
DNA
DNA has 4 base pairs: G = Guanine
A = Adenine
C = Cytosine
T = Thyamine
Structure of Nucleotides
“double ring”
“single ring” (video)
Quiz
• 1. What is ONE function of a carbohydrate
in an animal?
• 2. What is a lipid? Where would you find
lipids in an animal?
• 3. What are the FIVE elements that make up
living matter?
• 4. What are three parts of a nucleotide?