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Section 8.3 Cellular Respiration Concept Map Cellular Respiration 3 Stages Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Anaerobic Electron Transport Chain Pyruvic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation 2 Getting Energy to Make ATP C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP The mitochondria in cells breaks down glucose and produces energy-in this case ATP. EXERGONIC: Releases energy CATABOLIC: Breaking down molecules 3 Cellular Respiration Three stages of cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis - anaerobic 2. The Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) - aerobic 3. The electron transport chain – aerobic The aerobic phase produces the most ATP 4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 5 Glycolysis Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell It requires no oxygen (anaerobic). Glucose (a 6 carbon molecule) is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (a 3 carbon compound). It requires 2 ATP It produces 4 ATP A net gain of 2 ATP 6 Glycolysis 7 8 The Krebs Cycle Takes place in the mitochondria of the cell (in the matrix). The pyruvate from glycolysis is slightly modified before the citric acid cycle begins. These new molecules are broken down to form ATP and CO2. One ATP per cycle is produced, two cycles occur per glucose molecule – therefore 2 ATP’s are produced by Krebs Cycle. *Also generates high energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH2. 9 Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle 10 11 The Electron Transport Chain (makes up to 34 ATP) The final stage of respiration Takes place on inner mitochrondrial membrane (cristae) Similar to the events in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Electrons are passed from protein to protein, and the energy they give off is used to produce more ATP’s. The final electron acceptor is an oxygen atom. This is why we cannot live without oxygen! Collects H+ ions and low energy electrons! (waste) CREATES H2O (water) 12 Electron Transport Chain 13 Where do the electrons come from? Electrons for the ETC come from electron carriers: FADH2 and NADH Work like NADPH (from photosynthesis) Formation of FADH2 and NADH occurs during glycolysis and citric acid cycle Glycolysis NAD+ and H+ combine with e- to make NADH Citric Acid Cycle More NADH forms FAD+ and H+ combine with e- to make FADH2 14 15 Respiration One glucose molecule is capable of producing a net amount of 36-38 ATP during the entire process of cellular respiration. 2 in glycolysis 2 from the Krebs Cycle 32 to 34 from the electron transport chain 16 Fermentation When oxygen isn’t available, the aerobic stages of respiration obviously can’t begin. In this situation, fermentation begins after glycolysis as an alternate form of respiration. Why can glycolysis still go on? Fermentation provides small amounts of ATP until the cell can once again obtain enough oxygen to begin the aerobic stages of respiration. **does not last long** 17 Fermentation Two main types – Alcoholic Fermentation Common in yeast cells. CO2 and alcohol is produced. Example: bread Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in animal muscle cells. Lactic acid is produced. Example: pain in muscles from exercise 18 Yeast in Bread Yeast is a fungus It consumes the Sugar in the dough -Dough is left to “rise” -Yeast produces alcohol and CO2 during fermentation -Alcohol evaporates as bread cooks -CO2 makes bubbles – holes in bread 19 ATP and Exercise Running Sprinting uses energy: Stored in muscles: runs out quickly; within seconds Made by lactic acid fermentation: (oxygen depleted) made quickly, runs out quickly (about 90 seconds); lactic acid produced = burning sensation in legs Explains why a sprinter breathes very heavily at the end of a race Long Term Energy Made by cellular respiration: needs oxygen which is why runners breathe heavily Makes energy slower than fermentation; runners pace themselves Glycogen stores last for about 15-20 minutes of activity After that, body breaks down fats and other stored molecules for energy Aerobic Exercises = help with weight control 20