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Ch. 6.4 Life substances-part 2 Proteins: Multipurpose molecules contain C, H, O,N, & sometimes S 2006-2007 Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones signals from one body system to another insulin movement muscle immune system protect against germs enzymes help chemical reactions Proteins Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws pepsin pepsin collagen, keratin insulin digestive enzyme in stomach insulin hormone that controls blood sugar levels collagen (skin) Proteins Building block = amino acids amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid 20 different amino acids H O H | || C—OH —N— —C— H |variable group There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words Proteins Building block = amino acids amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid 20 different amino acids H O H | || —N— —C—C—OH H |variable group There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words Amino acid chains Proteins amino acids chained into a polymer amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate from it Amino acids can be linked by peptide bonds Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide bonds PEPTIDE BOND Dehydration synthesis Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptide For proteins: SHAPE matters! Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs growth hormone hemoglobin pepsin collagen It’s SHAPE that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolded unfolding proteins = “denature” “denatured temperature pH ” In Biology, it’s not the size, it’s the SHAPE that matters! folded Enzymes Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. (SEE SEPARATE LECTURE.) Nucleic acids A nucleic (noo KLAY ihk) acid is a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code. 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the instructions used to form all of an organism’s proteins. 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA for use in making proteins. They ultimately control the life of a cell Nucleic Acids Function: genetic stores material information genes blueprint for building proteins DNA RNA proteins DNA transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation proteins Nucleic acids Building block = nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide 5 different nucleotides different nitrogen A, T, C, G, U sugar phosphate Nitrogen bases bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part! N base sugar N base Nucleotide chains Nucleic acids phosphate nucleotides chained into a polymer sugar N base DNA phosphate double-sided double helix A, C, G, T strong bonds sugar N base RNA phosphate single-sided A, C, G, U sugar N base phosphate RNA DNA Double strand twists into a double helix Weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands A pairs with T A :: T C pairs with G C :: G the two strands can separate when our cells need to make copies of it weak hydrogen bonds
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