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BIO132 Lab 9 Urinary System Exercises 40 & 41A / 41
Figure 40.1
Figure 40.3
Figure 40.4
Kidney
4X objective
(40X)
Cortex
Glomeruli
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Medulla
Nephron Loops
Collecting Ducts
10X objective
(100X)
Distal Convoluted Tubule
40X objective
(400X)
Glomerulus
Proximal
Convoluted Tubule
Nephron Loop
Glomerular capsule
Capsular space
Czura 2005
Chronic Pyelonephritis
4X objective
(40X)
Note inflammation of all the tubules (lumens and
spaces filled in by leukocytes)
10X objective
(100X)
Czura 2005
40X objective
(400X)
Chronic
Pyelonephritis
Czura 2005
Normal
Kidney
40X objective
(400X)
Figure 40.2
4X objective
(40X)
Lumen
Urinary Bladder
Detrusor muscle
10X objective
(100X) Lamina propria
40X objective
(400X)
Lumen
Transitional
epithelium
Detrusor muscle
Czura 2005
Transitional
epithelium
Lamina propria
Ureter
40X objective
(400X)
10X objective
(100X)
Adventita
Smooth muscle
circular
Smooth muscle
longitudinal
Lamina propria
Transitional
epithelium
Lumen
Czura 2005
Most common components of
urine:
1. Water
2. Urea: protein catabolism
3. Sodium
4. Potassium
waste ions
5. Phosphate
6. Sulfate
7. Creatinine: muscle
metabolism (creatine
phosphate)
8. Uric acid: nucleic acid
catabolism
Exercise 41A / 41
Urinalysis:
Work in pairs/small groups
Test one normal & one
abnormal sample as
provided
1. Do dipstick first: record all
data
2. Do three test tube
experiments: sulfates,
phosphates, chlorides
(instructions on side of
room: leave waste at
stations-do not dump
chemicals down the sink!)
Specific Gravity = relative
weight; amount of solutes
(“stuff”) in it.
Pure water 1.000
Higher numbers indicate more
solutes
1.001 is dilute urine e.g.
diabetes insipidus, chronic
renal failure, diuretic use,
drinking too much water
>1.030 is too concentrated e.g.
dehydration, fever,
pyelonephritis, diabetes
mellitus
Substances in excess can
crystallize into renal calculi
pH 4.5 – 8.0 diet related
High protein and wheat
diets = acid
Veggie diets = alkaline
Leukocytes: not normal,
indicates UTI or other
inflammation
Nitrites: not normal. Nitrates
are normal wastes from
foods, bacteria metabolize
it into nitrite, indicates UTI
Protein = albumin, should not
be filtered at kidney,
generally some kind of
vascular trauma in kidney
e.g. hypertension,
glomerulonephritis, toxins
Glucose, not normal, present in
urine when renal threshold
exceeded, indices excessive
levels in blood e.g. diabetes
mellitus
Ketones, not normal, product
of lipid & protein
catabolism, present when
renal threshold exceeded
e.g. starvation, diabetes
mellitus
Urobiliogen (breakdown
product of bilirubin) &
Bilirubin = bile pigments,
indicates liver pathologies
e.g. hepatitis, cirrhosis,
gallstones
RBC = blood, indicates
damage to kidney/UT
Hemoglobin = lysis of RBC
e.g. infections, toxins
Sulfates: common waste ion of
animal protein catabolism
Phosphates: common in cells
and skeleton, waste ion in
blood
Chloride: common form of
sodium in diet is NaCl, Cl
has no direct activity in
human physiology,
common waste ion