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BASIC CELL
BIOLOGY
I CHEMISTRY of LIFE
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM
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Information Turnover
Energy Supply
Metabolic Pathways; the Turnover
of Materials
Basic Properties of the Enzymes
Lecture 6
METABOLISM
THE TOTALITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN
THE CELL
Information turnover – continuation, use and
transfer of the hereditary information
Energy supply – production of energy for the
chemical reactions in the cell
Turnover of the materials - biosynthesis and
degradation of macromolecules, their constituents
and other substances
in the cell
Lecture 6
INFORMATION TURNOVER
DNA
RNA
Protein
Lecture 6
METABOLISM AND GROWTH
Nutritional substances
(construction materials)
Junk
Energy
Additional
components
Processed
products
SECONDARY
METABOLISM
CELL
Cell components
Nutritional substances
(fuel)
Trash
BASIC (PRIMARY) METABOLISM
Lecture 6
Energy supply
ENERGY IS SUPPLIED TO THE MOST
CELLS BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS -
OXIDATION
FOR THE PLANTS AND SEVERAL
MICROORGANISM SPECIES THE
SOURCE OF ENERGY MAY BE
LIGHT
Lecture 6
Energy supply
REDOX REACTIONS OXIDATION –
Adding the oxygen
S
SO2
H3C-OH
Giving away the hidrogen
H2S
S
Giving away the electron
S2+
S4+
OCH-OH
Oxidation ~ combustion (release of energy)
Oxidisers are the elements (molecules, atoms),
which take away the electrons.
Oxidisers get reduced.
Lecture 6
Energy supply
REDOX REACTIONS REDUCTION –
Giving away the
oxygen
SO2
S
Addition of the
hidrogen
S
H2S
Addition of the
electrons
S4+
S2+
Reduction needs the energy
Reducers are the elements (molecules, compounds),
which donate electrons to other elements (molecules,
compounds).
Reducers get oxidised.
Lecture 6
Energy supply
COMPLEX REDUCED COMPOUNDS
(glucose)
ADP
CATABOLISM
ENERGY
ANABOLISM
ATP
SIMPLE OXIDISED COMPOUNDS
(CO2; H2O)
Lecture 6
Energy supply
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
H - C - OH
Transmitter
6 CO2 + 6H2O
C=O + 2H
O=O
CO2 + H2O
Lecture 6
Energy supply
Lecture 6
Energy supply
The electron transport chain in the membrane gradually
decreases the energy of the electron and finally adds it to
the final acceptor
TURNOVER OF ENERGY
H
Lecture 6
NAD+
NH2
O
C
C
N
NH2
+
O
N
O
O
P
O
O
OH
OH
OH
P
OH
OH
-2H++e-
O
NH2
C
N
NH2
O
N
O
O
P
OH
OH
N
O
OH
H
C
N
O
OH
+2H
HC
NH
OH
NH
O
O
P
O
N
O
OH
NADH+H+
OH
OH
N
OH
Lecture 6
Energy supply
The electron transport chain in the membrane gradually
decreases the energy of the electron and finally adds it to
the final acceptor
Lecture 6
CHEMIOSMOTIC
THEORY
(P.Mitchell)
Electrons
from NADH
Electrons
release energy
gradually
H+
H+
++
1/2 O2 + 2HH
H2 O
ADP +
Pi
ATP
H+H+
H HH++
+
H
+
+
H
H+
H+
H+
MEMBRANE
Energy supply
Lecture 6
Energy supply
External source of the Energy carrier in the
energy
cell
Oxidation of organic ATP
substances
Oxidation of inorganic
substances (Fe, S)
Light
GTP
creatinphosphate
Accumulators of
energy
Amylose
Amylopectin
Fats
Glycogen
Oils
Polyphosphates
Lecture 6
Biosythesis and degradation of the
macromolecules and other chemical
compounds in the cell occurs in the
result of elementary chemical
reactions, which are catalysed by
special proteins - enzymes.
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymes are substrate specific. The
specificity is determined by the structure of the
active site
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymes are biocatalists, they do not
change in the result of the reaction
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
6 CH OH
2
HO
FRUCTOSE
OH
O
H
1
H
H
OH
OH
O
LACTOSE
H
H
H 2C
1 H
OH
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
H
CH 2OH
O
H
OH
O
HO
6
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
O
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
The enzymes are substrate specific.
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymes do not
supply energy to the
reactions they
catalyse
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymes help to optimise the positioning of
substrates
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymes increase the frequency of collisions
between the substrates
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymes place the reacting bond in optimal
neighbourhood of charged groups
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymes decrease the activation energy of the
reaction
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymesC
The enzymes decrease the activation energy of the
reaction
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymes are specialised for particular chemical reactions
One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical
exchange
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The enzymatic reactions are reversible
K1
S +E
K2
SE
E +P
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of
the enzyme molecule is changed
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of
the enzyme molecule is changed
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of
the enzyme molecule is changed : allosteric regulation
Active site
Allosteric site
ACTIVE
INACTIVE
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of
the enzyme molecule is changed : allosteric regulation
Allosteric
activator
ACTIVE
Substrate
ACTIVE
Allosteric
inhibitor
INACTIVE
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
Inhibition of the enzyme activity
Substrate
ACTIVE
Competitive
inhibitor
INACTIVE
INACTIVE
Non-competitive
inhibitor
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
Inhibition of the enzyme activity
Competitive inhibitor
Substrate
O
OH
H 2N
C
S
H 2N
O
p-aminobenzoic
acid
O
Sulfanilamide
PRODUCT = FOLIC ACID
NH 2
Turnover of the materials: enzymes
Inhibition of the enzyme activity
OH
Lecture 6
PRODUCT = FOLIC ACID
O
N
N
CH 2
HOOC
C
NH
NH
H 2N
N
N
CH 2
O
H 2N
S
CH
NH 2
CH 2
HOOC
O
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways
METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED
IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Linear
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways
METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED
IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Cyclic
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways
METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED
IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Repetitive
Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways
METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED
IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Lecture 6
Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways
Lecture 6
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
ORGANISMS ARE CHEMICAL FACTORIES
Lecture 6
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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