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Health and Wellness Chapter How Genes Affect Health 15 Health and Wellness Chapter 15 INTRODUCTION • Babies inherit about 100,000 different genes from their parents • The advances in diagnosing and detecting inherited disorders have generated complex economic, personal, social and ethical problems Health and Wellness Chapter 15 CONGENITAL DEFECTS AND TERATOGENS • Newborns with observable physical or biological abnormalities Congenital defects • Most congenital defects are due to a complex interaction of genes and environment Health and Wellness Chapter Environmental agents during pregnancy 15 • prescription and illegal drugs • viral and bacterial infections • alcohol consumption during pregnancy Health and Wellness Chapter 15 Nutrition Prevents Defects • Folic Acid(Folate) –Need to get adequate during pregnancy –Beans, green leafy veggies –Good for nerve development Health and Wellness Chapter 15 Environmental Factors/Healthy Birth • Alcohol- most common problem and effect • Drugs • Smoking • Caffeine • Bacteria/virus Health and Wellness Chapter 15 Hereditary Diseases • A hereditary (genetic) disease results from a defective gene that is passed on to the child in the sperm, egg, or both • As a result of the defective gene(s), a protein is either not produced or is abnormal, causing the problem Health and Wellness Chapter 15 Examples of Hereditary Diseases • Hemophilia - an enzyme called Factor III is defective • Phenylketonuria (PKU) a enzyme that is needed to digest amino acid, phenylalanine, is defective • Sickle cell disease - defect in hemoglobin proteins in red blood cells Health and Wellness Chapter 15 HUMAN HEREDITY: Genes • Genes are present in chromosomes in a chemical substance called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Altogether the 46 human chromosomes have about 200,000 genes that uniquely determine a human being Health and Wellness Chapter 15 PREVENTING GENETIC DISEASES:Prenatal Testing • Genetic counseling allows a couple to be fully informed before, during and after a pregnancy with regards to genetic defects • Amniocentesis • Ultrasound scanning Health and Wellness Chapter 15 Health and Wellness Chapter 15 PREVENTING GENETIC DISEASES: • Very few hereditary diseases can be treated effectively -- PKU is an exception Gene therapy is a technique for replacing defective genes with normal ones in certain tissues of a person affected with a hereditary disease Health and Wellness Chapter 15 Genetic Testing • The human Genome Project • Genetic tests that predict disease risk –Breast cancer –Colon cancer –Alzheimers disease. Health and Wellness Chapter 15 Genes=Traits • 1 gene=many traits • Many genes=1trait Health and Wellness Chapter 15 Genetics Or Environment • Many Traits/Diseases unknown % –Hypertension –Allergies –Depression –IQ –alcoholism