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Stylized atomic structure
periodic chart of the elements
C
Carbon
H
Hydrogen
Na
Na+
cation
Cl
Cl-
anion
H
H
C
H
H
CH4 - methane
4 covalent bonds
Na+
Cl-
Ionic bond
Sodium chloride
O
H
H2O - water
Polar covalent
H
+
Hydrogen bonds
+
-
-
+
+
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Glucose
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
H-O-H
OH
Glucose + glucose =
Formation of a disaccharide
OH
Maltose
+ H2O
A short polysaccharide
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
R-C
Generalized fatty acid
R-C
H
R - C -O -H
H-O - C-H
H-O-H
R - C -O -H
H-O - C-H
H-O-H
R - C -O -H
H-O - C-H
H-O-H
H
3 fatty acids
glycerol
Triacylglycerol (triglyceride)
+
3H2O
H
R - C -O - C-H
H
H – C – O – P – O-
R - C -O - C-H
R - C -O - C-H
R - C -O - C-H
R - C -O - C-H
H
triacylglycerol
H
phospholipid
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
+
H
R - C -O - C-H
H
H – C – O – P – O-
R - C -O - C-H
R - C -O - C-H
R - C -O - C-H
R - C -O - C-H
H
triacylglycerol
H
phospholipid
H
H – C – O – P – O-
R - C -O - C-H
R - C -O - C-H
H
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
H
H – C – O – P – O-
R - C -O - C-H
R - C -O - C-H
H
Representation of a phospholipid
Hydrophobic
tails
Hydrophilic
head
water
Outside cell membrane
Inside cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer/structure of cell membrane
H-N-C-C
Amino group
Basic amino acid structure
Carboxyl group
H-O-H
H-N-C-C
Peptide bond
Formation on peptide bond
H -N - C - C
Amino acid
A polypeptide
Primary structure
Protein
structure
Quaternary structure
Secondary structure alpha helix
Tertiary structure
Phosphate
group
P
C
O
C
C
C C
Sugar
(ribose or
deoxyribose)
Nucleotide structure
Nitrogenous
base
Structure of RNA
Sugar phosphate
backbone
Nitrogenous
bases
A
T
C
G
C
G
T
A
Hydrogen bonds
Structure of DNA