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WATER & WASTE WATER is crucial to our survival. Whilst we can go a month without food, we can only survive a few days without water. Our body contains a lot of water – if you took all the water out of our bodies (the liquid used in blood etc and the fluid inside cells) it would probably amount to around 90% of our weight! Gaining Water Our bodies gain water in three different ways. 1. Water from Drinking 2. Water from Food 3. Water from Cell Respiration food + oxygen carbon dioxide + water Losing Water 1. 2. 3. 4. Our bodies lose water in four different ways. Water in Sweating Water in Breathing Water in Urine Water in Faeces Water Balance Most mammals are not designed to store water, and so they need to have a constant supply. Therefore the water we gain each day must equal the water we lose. Total Water Gain = Total Water Loss Water and Waste -The Kidney Structure and Function of Kidney Structure Kidneys Function Control water balance and filter the blood Renal Artery Carries blood towards the kidneys Renal Vein Carries blood away from the kidneys Ureter Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder Bladder Temporary store of urine Function of the Kidneys The Kidneys have two main functions, which are: 1. Maintaining a water balance. 2. Getting rid of poisonous waste substances from within the body (Urea). Urea The poisonous waste Urea is made in our _________. liver It is made when excess _______ amino _______ acids are broken down. The urea is then transported by the blood removed to the kidneys were it is __________. Function of the Kidneys The Kidneys carry out its two functions through two processes, which are: 1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption These processes take place in millions of nephrons tiny filtering units called __________. Nephron From renal artery Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Glucose •_______ Water •_______ Salt •_______ urea •_______ all filtered out Collecting duct glucose _________ reabsorbed Blood Capillary Water __________ And ______ salt reabsorbed Final urine = Urea __________ Some salt __________ Some water __________ to renal vein To the URETER Nephron The Glucose, Water, Salt and Urea which are filtered out of the Glomerulus into the Bowmans Capsule are referred to as the G___________ F____________. lomerular iltrate The final Urine is then transported to the B____________ via the U_________. ladder reter Water Regulation - ADH ADH - Anti-Diuretic Hormone It is produced by the P_________ ituitary gland in the brain. ADH controls the volume of water reabsorbed into the blood. Level ADH Volume of Water Volume of Urine Reabsorbed into Blood Produced High High Low Low Low High Water Regulation - ADH When the body is dehydrated, for example in hot climates, during vigorous exercise, or by the consumption of salty foods then the blood will have a low water concentration. The pituitary gland in the brain will produce a _____ high level of ADH, which causes a ______ large volume of water to be reabsorbed to rehydrate the body. small volume of urine Therefore only a ______ is produced. Water Regulation - ADH However, if the body is overly hydrated for example through drinking large volumes of liquid then the blood will have a high water concentration. The pituitary ________ gland in the brain will produce a ______ level of ADH. low This results in a lower _____ level of water to be reabsorbed and so a ______ large volume of urine is produced. Kidney Failure & Treatment If both kidneys stop working due to either disease or damage this is known as idney ailure T_____ F_________. otal K_________ There are two ways of treating kidney failure, which are: 1. D_________ on a kidney machine. ialysis 2. A kidney T____________. ransplant Kidney Failure & Treatment List some of the benefits of Dialysis and Kidney Transplants. List some of the limitations of Dialysis and Kidney Transplants. Benefits Limitations Transplant Patient can live a normal life Not dependant on a machine Patient can eat and drink normally Tissue rejection may cause new kidney to fail. Patient on special drugs for life. Drugs may make patients weak. Not enough kidneys available Kidney Machine Restricted diet Patient must always be near machine Machines break down. No drugs Availability of machines only limited by money Saves lives How Dialysis Works •The blood is bathed in a rinsing fluid which is carefully designed to have the same concentration of useful substances as the blood •Therefore only waste materials will diffuse out of the blood. Urea