Download Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis

• Cell Chemistry and
Biosynthesis
Overview
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Major Atoms
Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds
Water, non-covalent force in water
Four major families of small molecules
Sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
Three macromolecule families: polysaccharide,
protein, nucleic acid
• Non covalent bonds determine molecular shape
and interactions
The Chemical Components of A Cell
• Basic Element: Atom, protons, Neutrons,
Electrons
• Atomic Weight, Molecular Weight
• Avgadro’s number (6x1023 molecules), Mole
(1 mole= 6x1023 molecules), Molar solution
(1M=1mole/liter)
• Electron shells (2,8,8,18,18)
Carbon and Hydrogen
Chemical Elements for Live Organisms
H, C, O, and N make up 96.5% weight of a living organism
The Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds
• Bond length and bond strength
• Covalent bonds: Single bond, double bond,
polar bond
• Van der waals force
Covalent Bond and Ionic Bond
Ionic bond: electron transfer
Covalent bond: electron sharing
Sodium Chloride: ionic bond formation
The geometry of covalent bonds
Important Energy Levels
The Van der Waals forces
The Water Environment
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70% of cell is water
Hydrogen bond
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Acid and base
Proton and hydroxyl
Non-covalent interactions in water: Ionic
bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals
attractions, hydrophobic force
Acid
Donate a proton
Base
Absorb a proton or donate OHNH3+H2O->NH4++OHNaOH->Na++OH-
Ionic bonds in Water
Hydrogen bond
Polar interaction: a
elecgtropositive hydrogen is
shared by two neighboring
electornegative atoms
Molecular Interaction in solution
1. H-bond (hydrogen bond), 2. Ionic bond, 3. Van der Waals
4. Hydrophobic “force”
Four Major Families of Small
Organic Molecules
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Sugars-> polysaccharides
Fatty acids -> fats, lipids, membranes
Amino acids -> proteins
Nucleotides -> nucleic acids
Four Major Small Organic Molecules
Sugar [(CH2O)n, carbohydrates]
Glucose
Disaccharide
Condensation and hydrolysis
Fatty Acids
Phospholipid (amphipathic)
Amino Acid
Amino Acid and pH values
Peptides and proteins
Nucleotides
ATP (ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate)
Nucleotides and DNA, RNA
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acids
A(adenine) G(guanine) T(thymine)
C (cytosine)
RNA: ribonucleic acids
A G U(Uracil) C
Macromolecules
Three families of macromolecules
The assembly of macromolecules