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CELLULAR LEVEL
Atoms
Molecule
Macromolecule
Cell
Organelle
O
C
H
N
O
H
N
C
O
0.2 µm
0.5 µm
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ORGANISMAL LEVEL
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
100 µm
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POPULATIONAL LEVEL
Population
Species
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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Sunlight
at midday
Height of
obelisk
Well
Light rays
parallel
a
Distance between
Cities = 800 km
Length of
shadow
a
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Observation
Question
Potential
hypotheses
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
Remaining
possible
hypotheses
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 5
Experiment
Reject
hypotheses
1 and 4
Experiment
Reject
hypotheses
2 and 3
Last remaining
possible
Hypothesis 5
hypothesis
Modify hypothesis
Predictions
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
Predictions
confirmed
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Woodpecker Finch (Cactospiza pallida)
Large Ground Finch (Geospiza magnirostris)
Cactus Finch (Geospiza scandens)
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Human
Cat
Bat
Porpoise
Horse
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Human
Rhesus
Dog
Bird
Frog
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of Amino Acid Differences in a Hemoglobin Polypeptide
8
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Plantae
Fungi
Eukarya
Animalia
Protista
Archaea
Bacteria
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e: © Mediscan/Corbis; f: © Volume 15/Photodisc/Getty RF; g: © Corbis RF; h: © Tom Brakefi eld/Corbis; i: © Volume 44/Photodisc/Getty RF;
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Unlimited; n: © Kari Lounatman/Photo Researchers, Inc.; o: © Dwight R. Kuhn; p: © Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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