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Transcript
Biology 12 Unit A The Chemistry of Life – Part 2 Macromolecules • Made of organic molecules Organic Molecules • Always contain: – Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) – A carbon atom may share electrons with another carbon atom Organic Molecules • Always contain: – Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) – A carbon atom may share electrons with another carbon atom Organic Molecules • Many molecules of life are macromolecules. (macromolecules contain many molecules joined together) Organic Molecules • Many molecules of life are macromolecules. (macromolecules contain many molecules joined together) – Monomers: Simple organic molecules that exist individually – Polymers: Large organic molecules form by combining monomers Organic Molecules Organic Molecules A meal containing carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Organic Molecules • Cells have mechanisms of joining monomers to build polymers Organic Molecules • Cells have mechanisms of joining monomers to build polymers Organic Molecules • Cells have mechanisms of joining monomers to build polymers • Dehydration Reaction: an -OH and -H are removed • Hydrolysis Reaction: the components of water are added Organic Molecules • Macromolecules = BIG molecules • Carbohydrates CH2O • Lipids CHO -don’t form true polymers, the number of unit molecules that join together is limited Proteins CHON • Nucleic Acids CHONPS Carbohydrates • Some Functions: – Quick fuel – Short-term energy storage – Structure of organisms – Cell to cell recognition Carbohydrates • Simple Carbohydrates Carbohydrates • Simple Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides are sugars with 3 - 7 carbon atoms Carbohydrates • Simple Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides are sugars with 3 - 7 carbon atoms – Pentose refers to a 5-carbon sugar – Hexose refers to a 6-carbon sugar Carbohydrates Three ways to represent the structure of glucose. Carbohydrates • Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits. – Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits. – Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. – Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits. – Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. – Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals. – Cellulose can be found in the cell walls of plants. Carbohydrates: starch Carbohydrates: cellulose Carbohydrates: glycogen A3 concept check-up questions • What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? • Why do lipids not form true polymers? • Water is a by-product of condensation reactions. Where does it come from? • How does the use of glucose in a plant differ from its function in an animal? Lipids Lipids • Some Functions: – Energy Storage – Found in the plasma membrane – Component of steroid hormones Lipids do not dissolve in water Lipids • Some Functions: – Energy Storage – Found in the plasma membrane – Component of steroid hormones Lipids do not dissolve in water Lipids are electrically neutral Lipids • Fats and Oils Lipids • Fats and Oils – Fats • Usually of animal origin • Solid at room temperature Lipids • Fats and Oils – Fats • Usually of animal origin • Solid at room temperature Lipids • Fats and Oils – Fats • Usually of animal origin • Solid at room temperature – Oils • Usually of plant origin • Liquid at room temperature Lipids • Functions of Fats Lipids • Functions of Fats – Long-term energy storage – Insulation against heat loss – Protection of major organs Lipids Synthesis and degradation of a fat molecule Lipids Emulsification Lipids • Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Lipids • Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids – Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains that end with -COOH. Lipids • Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids – Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains that end with -COOH. • Saturated fatty acids: No double covalent bonds between carbon atoms • Unsaturated fatty acids: Double bonds between carbon atoms Lipids Saturated Fatty Acid Unsaturated Fatty Acid Lipids • Phospholipids Lipids • Phospholipids – Comprised of 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group – Primary components of cellular membranes Lipids Lipids • Steroids Lipids • Steroids – All steroids have four adjacent rings. Lipids • Steroids – All steroids have four adjacent rings. – Examples: Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen Lipids A4 concept check up questions • What is the defining characteristic of lipids? • What differences exist between fatty acids from animal sources and fatty acids from plant tissues? • List the ways glycerides can be different from each other. • Name two types of lipids that do not contain glycerol. Proteins • Proteins have important functions in cells. – Proteins such as keratin and collagen have structural roles. – Proteins are also enzymes that speed up the chemical reactions of metabolism. – Proteins such as hemoglobin are responsible for the transport of substances within the body. – Proteins also transport substances across cell membranes. Proteins • Proteins have important functions in cells. – Proteins form the antibodies of the immune system that defend the body from disease. – Proteins such as insulin are hormones that regulate cellular function. – Contractile proteins such as actin and myosin allow parts of cells to move and muscles to contract. Proteins • Proteins are comprised of amino acids. Proteins • Amino acids – Amino group (-NH2) – Acidic group (-COOH) – R group (remainder) Proteins Proteins • Peptides – A polypeptide is a single chain of amino acids. – A peptide bond joins two amino acids. Proteins Proteins • Levels of Protein Organization – The structure of a protein has three or four levels of organization. – The final shape of a protein is very important to its function. Proteins Proteins Proteins A5 concept check-up questions • Describe the common structure of amino acids. • What type of bond is a peptide bond? Where can one be found? • What are two types of secondary structure in proteins? What causes the formation of each? • What types of bonds and what level of structure is destroyed when a protein is denatured? Nucleic Acids • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Nucleic Acids • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid) Nucleic Acids • DNA stores genetic information in double helix. • DNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein. • RNA is an intermediary in the sequencing of amino acids into a protein. Nucleic Acids • Components of a nucleotide – Phosphate – Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) – Nitrogen-containing base may be 2-ring purine (A, G) or 1-ring pyrimidine (C, T, U) Nucleic Acids DNA Structure Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Nucleic Acids • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) – A high energy molecule – ATP undergoes hydrolysis (enzyme ATPase) and energy is released – ATP can be converted to ADP and “recharged” by phosphorylation when 3rd P group is added back on Nucleic Acids A6 concept check-up questions • How do the components of a DNA nucleotide differ from those in an RNA nucleotide? • What’s the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine? • What two types of biochemicals make up chromosomes? • Describe the bonds between the phosphates in ATP. What is their function?