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Liver • • • • Functional unit: Hepatocyte Hexagonal lobules Vascular sinusoids 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Liver lobules r lobules – hexagonal ures . atocytes radiate ard from a central vein ach of the six corners obule is a portal triad er sinusoids 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia • Hepatocytes produce bile • Bile flows through canals called bile canaliculi to a bile duct • Bile ducts leave the liver via the common hepatic duct 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Bile •BILE – bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids and electrolytes • Liver produces 0.5-1 l of bile daily 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Functions • Metabolic Synthesis Breakdown Other functions – storage of vitamin A,D,B12,F… • Excretion of waste products from bloodstream into bile • Vascular – storage of blood 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Protein metabolism Synthesis of amino acids Formation of plasma proteins Albumins, globulins Clotting factors Transamination & transpeptidation Deamination Urea ccle Formation of nitrogen containing compounds 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Protein metabolism • Produces albumin the major osmolar component of blood serum • Synthesizes angiotensinogen, the hormone responsible for raising blood pressure when activated by renin (enzyme released when the kidney senses low blood pressure) 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism Formation & storage of glycogen Conversion of glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis Conversion of fructose & galactose to glucose 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Lipid Metabolism Formation of ketone bodies Formation of TG & VLDL Cholesterol Saturation & desaturation of FA Uptake of plasma LDL Bile, Bile salts, bile acids Bile pigment metabolism 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Breakdown • Breaks down insulin and other hormones • Breaks down hemoglobin • Breaks down or modifies toxic substances (methylation) → sometimes results in toxication • Converts ammonia to urea 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Breakdown Hb: Globin Iron Porphyrin part 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Extravascular Pathway for RBC Destruction (Liver, Bone marrow, & Spleen) Phagocytosis & Lysis Hemoglobin Globin Heme Amino acids Fe2+ Excreted Amino acid pool 5/23/2017 Bilirubin Dr Jaria Fatahia Heme Degradation 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia • • • • Hemoglobin dissociates into Heme & globin Porphyrin ring is cleaved Oxidation of alpha methylene bridges Heme loses one molecule of CO & one atom of iron in ferric form • Biliverdin ( biliverdin reductase) • Bilirubin 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Biliverdin 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Conjugation 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia Liver Function Tests 5/23/2017 Dr Jaria Fatahia
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