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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Basic
Chemistry
2
PART B
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
 Organic compounds
 Contain carbon
 Most are covalently bonded
 Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
 Inorganic compounds
 Lack carbon
 Tend to be simpler compounds
 Example: H2O (water)
 Exceptions are C02 and CO
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Important Inorganic Compounds
 Water
 Most abundant inorganic compound
 Makes up about 70% of body
 Vital properties
 High heat capacity
 Polarity/solvent properties
 Chemical reactivity
 Cushioning
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
 Salts
 Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of
water
 Vital to many body functions
 Include electrolytes which conduct electrical
currents
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Dissociation of a Salt in Water
Figure 2.11
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Important Inorganic Compounds
Acids
Bases
 Taste Sour
 Taste Sweet
 Release hydrogen ions
(H+)
 Release hydroxyl ions
(OH–)
 Are proton donors
 Are proton acceptors
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
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pH
 Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
 pH 7 = neutral
 pH below 7 = acidic
 pH above 7 = basic
 Buffers—chemicals
that can regulate pH
change
Figure 2.12
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Important Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Include sugars and starches
 Primary source of energy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Classified according to size
 Monosaccharides—simple sugars
 Glucose, fructose
 Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
 Sucrose, lactose, maltose
 Polysaccharides—long-branching chains
of linked simple sugars
 Starch and glycogen
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Carbohydrates
PLAY Disaccharides
Figure 2.13a–b
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Carbohydrates
PLAY Polysaccharides
Figure 2.13c
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Carbohydrates
Figure 2.14
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Lipids
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
 Insoluble in water
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Functions of Lipids
 Energy
 Make up cell membrane
 Dissolve fat soluble vitamins
 Protects organs
 Insulates body and nerves
 Regulates many body functions
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
 Common lipids in the human body
 Neutral fats (triglycerides)
 Found in fat deposits
 Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
 Source of stored energy
PLAY Lipids
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
Figure 2.15a
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Types of Triglycerides
 Saturated
 Only single covalent bonds between carbon
atoms
 Form strait chains
 Solid at room temperature
 Unsaturated
 Contain double bonds between carbon atoms
 Form kinked chains
 Liquid at room temperature
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
Figure 2.15b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
 Trans Fats
 Common in margarines and baked products
 Oils that have been solidified by adding
hydrogen at certain sites of double carbon
chains
 Increase risk of heart disease even more than
saturated fats
 Omega 3 Fatty Acids
 Found naturally in cold water fish
 “heart healthy”
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
 Common lipids in the human body (continued)
 Phospholipids
 Form cell membranes
 Steroids
 Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D,
and some hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
 Cholesterol
 The basis for all steroids made in the body
Figure 2.15c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Substances
 Blood lipoprotein
 Cholesterol can only travel in blood after it has
attached to a lipoprotein
 Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
 “bad” cholesterol that causes
arteriosclerosis
 High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
 “good” cholesterol
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Substances
 Protaglandins
 “tissue hormones”
 During injury, cyclooxygenase is released
 It reacts with prostaglandins to produce
swelling, redness and pain
 Aspirin blocks enzyme so it can’t react with
prostaglandins and cause these symptoms
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Proteins
 Made of amino acids
 Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Figure 2.16
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Proteins
 Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
 Provide for construction materials for body
tissues
 Play a vital role in cell function
 Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins
 Amino acid structure
 Contain an amine group (NH2)
 Contain an acid group (COOH)
 Vary only by R groups
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins
 Fibrous proteins
 Also known as
structural proteins
 Appear in body
structures
 Examples include
collagen and
keratin
 Stable
Figure 2.17a
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Proteins
 Globular proteins
 Also known as
functional proteins
 Function as
antibodies or
enzymes
 Can be denatured
Figure 2.17b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Amino Acids and Perms
 First solution of a perm breaks down peptide
bonds between amino acids and causes them to
form in another pattern
 Second solution, the neutralizer, causes the
bridges to form in a new configuration
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Enzymes
 Act as biological catalysts
 Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.18a
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Enzymes
PLAY Chemistry of Life® Enzymes Animation
Figure 2.18b
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Enzymes- Lock and Key Method
•Do not get used up in reaction
•Usually recognized by suffix -ase
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Nucleic Acids
 Provide blueprint of life
 Nucleotide bases
 A = Adenine
 G = Guanine
 C = Cytosine
 T = Thymine
 U = Uracil
 Make DNA and RNA
Figure 2.19a
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Nucleic Acids
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
 Organized by
complimentary
bases to form
double helix
 Replicates before
cell division
 Provides
instructions for
every protein in the
body
Figure 2.19c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
DNA
 Genetic material in
nucleus
 Double helix shape
 Bases ATCG
RNA
 Found outside nucleus
 Single stranded
 Bases AUCG
 Carries genetic code
from DNA to protein
synthesis
 3 types, mRNA, tRNA,
rRNA
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Chemical energy used by all cells
 Energy is released by breaking high energy
phosphate bond
 ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.20a
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Membrane
protein
P
P
Solute
Solute transported
(a) Transport work
ADP
+
P
ATP
Relaxed
muscle cell
Contracted
muscle cell
(b) Mechanical work
P
X
P
X
Y
+ Y
Reactants
Product made
(c) Chemical work
Energy liberated during
oxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
Figure 2.21
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Membrane
protein
P
Solute
(a) Transport work
ATP
Figure 2.21, step 1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Membrane
protein
P
P
Solute
Solute transported
(a) Transport work
ATP
ADP
+
P
Figure 2.21, step 2
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ATP
Relaxed
muscle cell
(b) Mechanical work
Figure 2.21, step 3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ADP
+
P
ATP
Relaxed
muscle cell
Contracted
muscle cell
(b) Mechanical work
Figure 2.21, step 4
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ATP
X
P
+ Y
Reactants
(c) Chemical work
Figure 2.21, step 5
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ADP
+
P
ATP
P
X
P
X
Y
+ Y
Reactants
Product made
(c) Chemical work
Figure 2.21, step 6
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Membrane
protein
P
P
Solute
Solute transported
(a) Transport work
ADP
+
P
ATP
Relaxed
muscle cell
Contracted
muscle cell
(b) Mechanical work
P
X
P
X
Y
+ Y
Reactants
Product made
(c) Chemical work
Figure 2.21, step 7
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Membrane
protein
P
P
Solute
Solute transported
(a) Transport work
ADP
+
P
ATP
Relaxed
muscle cell
Contracted
muscle cell
(b) Mechanical work
P
X
P
X
Y
+ Y
Reactants
Product made
(c) Chemical work
Energy liberated during
oxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
Figure 2.21, step 8
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings