* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Carbohydrates , lipids, and proteins
Survey
Document related concepts
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Circular dichroism wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Size-exclusion chromatography wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins IB Topic 3.2 Pages 56-61 Introduction Living things are composed of an array of molecules We need to classify them Certain qualities The more common biochemically important molecules are: Molecule (polymer) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins (polypeptides) Nucleic acids Subcomponents (monomer) Monosaccharides Glycerol & fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides Common biochemicals & their structure Classified as organic or inorganic All organic molecules contain the element carbon However, not all carbon-containing molecules are organic Example = carbon dioxide (not organic) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins ARE organic Some of the most important categories … Category Subcategory Example molecule Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides Maltose, lactose, sucrose Polysaccharides Starch, glycogen, cellulose Proteins X Enzymes, antibodies Lipids X Triglycerides, phospholipids Nucleic Acids X DNA, RNA You should learn to recognize the structures of common molecules BUT you do not need to draw them (yea!) Wait till organic chemistry … Open your book to page 57 Look at figures 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5 Answer question 4 Carbohydrates Different “sizes” Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides All serve many functions in living organisms Short term energy Because they carbohydrates are soluble Contain only three elements: C, H, O Hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio Monosaccharide – simple sugar Relatively small; taste sweet and soluble in water Examples: Glucose: made by green leaves using light energy, our bodies transport it in our blood, respiration (chemical fuel), building block for larger molecules Galactose Fructose (found in fruits – makes them sweet) Disaccharides Made of 2 monosaccharide molecules Examples: Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) Lactose (galactose + glucose) Polysaccharides Built from many monosaccharide molecules connected by glycosidic links Examples Starch (polymer of glucose) Glycogen (polymer of glucose) Stores glucose in liver and muscles Cellulose (polymer of glucose) Component of cell walls Lipids Lipids occur in living things as animal fats, plant oils, phospholipids of cell membranes, and steroids Contain C, O, and H (like carbs), but proportion of oxygen is much less Insoluble in water; hydrophobic Long term energy storage Can be dissolved in organic solvents (alcohol) Lipids Fats and oils are compounds called triglycerides Formed when water is removed between fatty acids and glycerol Long hydrocarbon tails The Role of Lipids Energy storage Lipids store about twice as much chemical energy as carbohydrates If you eat more food than you burn, your body will store much of the excess as fat in adipose tissue Other important roles of lipids 1. Energy storage Less oxygen atoms/more concentrated source 2. Metabolic water source 3. Thermal insulation and buoyancy 4. Water proofing of hair and feathers 5. Electrical insulation Myelin sheath Homework Due Tuesday #4-7 page 61 Bell Ringer: Take out your homework (#4-7 page 61) Take out your PowerPoint questions from yesterday Homework for tonight: amino acids worksheet (will be passed out at the end of class) & bring your book the rest of the week. Topic 3.1 and 3.2 quiz Thursday Answers to #4-7 page 61 4) a. glucose + fructose sucrose + water 4) b. condensation reaction 5) a. glycerol + 3 fatty acids triglyceride + 3 water 5) b. condensation enzyme 5) c. product 5) d. three (b/c three condensation reactions occurred) Answers to #4-7 page 61 6) a. amino acids 6) b. glycerol and fatty acids 6) c. nucleotides 7) a. nucleotides 7) b. amino acids 7) c. glucose (a monosaccharide) Amino Acids, peptides, and proteins Contain nitrogen, sulphur, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen Amino group: NH2 Carboxyl group: COOH Amino acids peptides and proteins Polypeptide and protein are used interchangeably Once the chain is constructed, it takes a specific shape – shape matters with proteins Shape function Amino acids Proteins are made from 20 amino acids Also attached is an R group Differ different chemical characteristics Most macromolecules are polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are chainlike molecules called polymers Polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds Monomers Condensation and hydrolysis Many organisms rely on food to gain the building block molecules When animals eat, food is digested (or hydrolyzed) into the building blocks Going from polymers to monomers These building blocks are transported to body cells and bonded together to form larger molecules What happens when you eat? Foods are chemically digested in your alimentary canal Hydrolyzing enzymes are required Each reaction is called a hydrolysis and requires a molecule of water as a reactant Think about the word hydrolysis: Hydro = water Lyse = split Examples of hydrolysis Hydrolysis of a disaccharide in two … Hydrolysis of a triglyceride lipid to … Hydrolysis of a polypeptide to … Condensation reactions Are the reverse of hydrolysis Condensation reactions occur to re-form larger biochemical molecules Water molecules are products rather than reactants Also requires a different type of enzyme Condensation Reaction (or Dehydration Synthesis) The process of connecting monomers to create a polymer This process requires energy and is aided by enzymes Removes water molecules One monomer provides a hydroxyl group and the other provides a hydrogen Wrap Up All organic molecules contain the element _________ Carbohydrates exist as _______, _______, & _______ The smallest carbohydrates are ___________ The subcomponents of other biochemically important organic molecules are: _____________, which make up proteins _____________, which make up lipids (fats and oils) _____________, which make up nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Subcomponents are bonded together by ___________ Larger molecules are split by ____________ Although carbohydrates and lipids are used for energy storage …