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FERMENTATION PRODUCTS
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Antibiotics
Beverages
Enzymes
Foods
Organic acids
Fats
Solvents
Bacterial insecticides
Vitamins & growth factors
Amino acids
Steroids
Miscellaneous
• Antibiotics
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Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Neomycin
Novobiocin
Penicillin
Streptomycins
Tetracyclines
Vancomycin
• Steroids
» Cortisone
» Hydrocortisone
» Prednisolone
• Enzymes
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Amylase
Catalase
Cellulase
Invertase
Lipase
Proteases
Streptokinases
• Beverages
» Wine, beer
• Organic acids
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Citric acid
Lactic acid
Gluconic acid
Fumaric acid
Itaconic acid
• Solvents
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Acetic acid
Acetone
Butanol
Propanol
• Polymers
» Dextran
» Derivative of hydroxybutyric acid
• Insecticides
» spores of B.thuringiensis
• Miscellaneous
» Sorbose (intermediate in ascorbic acid manufacture)
» Fructose (a liquid sweetner)
» Phenylacetyl carbinol (an intermediate in L-ephedrin
synthesis)
Parameters measured/controlled
in a bioreactor
• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological
Parameters
• Physical
–Temperature
–Pressure
–Liquid level
–Foam level
–Agitator speed
–Power consumption
–Gas flow rate
–Medium flow rate
–Culture viscosity
–Gas hold-up
Parameters
• Chemical
–pH
–Dissolved oxygen
–Dissolved CO2
–Exit gas composition
–Broth composition (substrate, product,
ion concentrations, etc., )
Parameters
• Biological
–Biomass concentration
–Enzyme concentration
–Biomass composition (such as DNA, RNA,
proteins, ATP/ADP/AMP/NAD/NADH levels)
–Viability
–Morphology
Aerobic & Anaerobic Fermentations
• Obligate Aerobes
– Without oxygen, can’t grow/survive
– E.g. Fungi, algae and bacteria such
as Acetobacter, Thiobacillus
– Many of microbes used in industry
are obligate aerobes
– All moulds belong to this class (e.g.
Citric acid production by Aspergillus
niger)
Obligate Anaerobes
• Derive their energy for growth from reactions not
involving oxygen
• Presence of Oxygen inhibits or is lethal.
• Clostridium acetobutylicum is used in the acetone
butanol industrial process
• C.pasteurianum is an important nitrogen fixer in nature
Facultative microbes
• Capable of growth either in the
presence or absence of Oxygen
• E.g. Yeast, S.cerevisiae, used in the
production of ethanol