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12–4 Mutations
12-4 Mutations
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12–4 Mutations
12-4 Mutations
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12–4 Mutations
12-4 Mutations
Mutations are changes in the genetic
material.
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12–4 Mutations
Causes:
• Errors during replication
• Chemicals
• Radiation
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Gene Mutations - mutations that produce changes
in a single gene.
Chromosomal mutations - mutations that
produce changes in whole chromosomes.
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Gene Mutations
• Point Mutations - Gene mutations involving a
change in one nucleotide
•Point mutations include:
•substitutions
•insertions
•deletions.
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Substitutions
affect a single
amino acid.
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
In an insertion, an
extra base is inserted
into a base sequence.
This causes a frameshift mutation
because it changes
every codon after the
insertion.
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12–4 Mutations
• Insertion
– Normal: The fat cat ate the rat
– Insertion: Thh efa tca tat eth era
t
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
In a deletion, a single base is deleted.
This causes a frame-shift mutation because it
changes every codon after the insertion.
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
The effects of insertions or deletions are more
dramatic.
The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift
in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called frameshift mutations.
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12–4 Mutations
• Silent Mutation – when the mutation does not
affect the amino acid sequence
• Example:
mRNA =
UCU CAG ACA
Amino Acids = Ser
Mutated =
Glu
Thr
UCC CAG ACA
Amino Acids = Ser
Glu
Thr
Mutation did not affect amino acid sequence
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
• Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the
number or structure of chromosomes
• Chromosomal mutations include
• deletions
• duplications
• inversions
• translocations.
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a
chromosome.
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a
chromosome.
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Inversions reverse the direction of parts of
chromosomes.
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12–4 Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Translocations occurs when part of one
chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
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12–4 Mutations
Significance of Mutations
Significance of Mutations
Many mutations have little or no effect on gene
expression.
Some mutations are the cause of genetic
disorders.
Polyploidy is the condition in which an organism
has extra sets of chromosomes.
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12–4 Mutations
• Mutations and evolution
– What is Natural Selection?
Survival of the fittest
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12–4
Click to Launch:
Continue to:
- or -
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A mutation in which all or part of a chromosome
is lost is called a(an)
a. duplication.
b. deletion.
c. inversion.
d. point mutation.
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12–4
A mutation that affects every amino acid
following an insertion or deletion is called a(an)
a. frameshift mutation.
b. point mutation.
c. chromosomal mutation.
d. inversion.
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12–4
A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome
is repeated is called a(an)
a. deletion.
b. inversion.
c. duplication.
d. point mutation.
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12–4
The type of point mutation that usually affects
only a single amino acid is called
a. a deletion.
b. a frameshift mutation.
c. an insertion.
d. a substitution.
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12–4
When two different chromosomes exchange
some of their material, the mutation is called
a(an)
a. inversion.
b. deletion.
c. substitution.
d. translocation.
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END OF SECTION
• Today's Assignment
–You will simulate the different types of point
mutations.
–What are point mutations?
–What are the 3 kinds of point mutations?
–What is a frameshift mutation?
–What is a silent mutation?
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• Normal DNA
What is the first step to making a
protein?
Transcription!!!
A U G U CG GU G A C U CG A G G GC UC GA G GC U UG A
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• What is the next step?
Translation!!!
A U G U C G GU G A C U CG A G G GC U C GA G GC U UG A
Met Ser
Val Thr
Arg Gly Leu Glu
Ala Stop
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