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BASIC CELL
BIOLOGY
I CHEMISTRY of LIFE
BIOPOLYMERS
BIOPOLYMERS




Lipids
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Nucleic acids
LIPIDS
The structure of lipids
Lecture 5
O
C
H2 C
HC
OH HO
OH
O
C
H2 C
OH HO
Glicerol
16 – 20 C atoms long fatty acid
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
O
C
H2C
O
O
C
HC
O
O
C
H2C
O
Hydrophilic part
Hydrophobic part
The structure of lipids
Saturated fatty acids (e.g.,
18 C – stearinic acid).
Unsaturated fatty acids with one
double bond (e.g., 18 C – oleinic
acid).
Polyunsaturated fatty acids with
more than one double bond.
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
Lecture 5
Hydrophilic part
The
structure of
lipidtriglyceride
depicted in
the spacefilling
model
Hydrophobic part
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
O
H2 C
O
HO
P O
OH
O
Phospholipids
C
O
C
HC
O
CH2
The phosphate group enhances the
hydrophylic properties
The structure of lipids
Lecture 5
Hydrophilic part
Schematic
representation of
the
phpspholipid’s
structure
Hydrophobic part
The structure of lipids
Micelle, hydrophobic interactions
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
Phospholipid bilayer
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
Vesicle surrounded by the bilayer
Lecture 5
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
CH 3
H O CH 2 CH 2
Choline
N
+
CH 3
H 3C
Phosphatidylcholine =
lecitn
Emulgator, egg yolk,
bile, plant oils
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
CH 3
H 3C
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
Lecture 5
The structure of lipids
CHOLESTEROL
The structure of lipids
Lecture 5
Hormones
POLYSACCHARIDES
Lecture 5
Tautomerisation of the carbohydrates
6
CH 2OH
O
1
H
4
HO
OH
H
HO
H
HO
H
O
H
OH
OH O
H
OH OH
OH
H
1
OH
OH
H
H
OH
a-D-glycopyranose
H
H
OH
6
CH 2OH
H
6
H
OH
D - glucose
4
HO
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
OH
1
H
b-D-glycopyranose
Tautomerisation of the carbohydrates
6 CH OH
HOH
2
5
H
4
HO
OH
O
1
H
O
H HO
H
OH
H
H 2H
OH
a-D-ribofuranose
OH
2
CH 2OH
OH
H
1
b-D-fructofuranose
H
H 2H
1
OH
OH
2C
CH 2OH
O
CH 2OH
O
3
6
H
2
H3
OH
a-D-glycopyranose
5
Lecture 5
3
OH
1
OH
H
a-D-2-deoxyribofuranose
5 C atoms + O atom = pyranose; 4 C atoms + O atoms =
furanose (riboses, fructose)
Lecture 5
Disaccharides
Glucose
a-D-glycopiranose
Fructose
b-D-fructofuranose
6
CH 2OH
O
H
4
HO
6
OH
H
H
OH
H
1
OH
OH
H O H 2C
1H
OH
Condensation
- H2O
CH 2OH
O
H
H
OH
Lecture 5
Disaccharides
6 CH OH
2
O
H
HO
OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
1
6
O
OH
O
H 2C
1 H
CH 2OH
H
H
OH
Sucrose, been or cane sugar
(a-D-glycopyranosyl - b - D-fructofuranoside)
Lecture 5
Disaccharides
Galactose
Glucose
b-D-galactopyranose
a-D-glycopyranose
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
O
HO
H
OH
H
H
OH
O
H
OH
HO
H
OH
H
H
OH
Condensation
- H2O
H
OH
5. LEKCIJA
Disaharīdi
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
O
HO
H
OH
H
H
OH
O
H
H
O
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
Lactose, milk sugar
(1, 4 -O- b-D-galactopyranosyl - a - Dglycopyranoside)
Trisaccharides
Lecture 5
Raffinose
Sucrose
Melibiose
CH 2
CH 2OH
O
HO
H
OH
H
H
H
OH
Galactose
O
O
H
HO
OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
OH
O
CH 2OH
O
H
H
H 2C
H
OH
Glucose
Fructose
ca. 5% in been sugar
(b-D-fructofuranosyl - O - a - Dgalactopyranosyl- (1- 6) - a - D-glycopiranoside)
Stucture of
polysaccharides
Lecture 5
6
CH 2OH
O
H
4
HO
OH
H
H
OH
H
1
OH
a-Dglycopyranose
O H
HO
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
O
H
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
Amylose
O
H
n
poly (1,4-O– a-D-glycopyranoside)
OH
Stucture of
polysaccharides
6
CH 2OH
H
4
HO
Lecture 5
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
OH
1
H
b-Dglycopiranose
O
OH
H
OH
O
O
O
HO
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
Cellulose
n
poly (1,4-O– b-D-glycopiranoside)
OH
Stucture of polysaccharides
Lecture 5
CH 2OH
O
HO
OH
OH
CH 3
HN
O
2-aminoacetyl-b-D-glycopiranose
O
OH
O
O
O
HO
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
H
CH 3
HN
O
O
OH
OH
CH 3
HN
O
Chitin
OH
CH 3
HN
n
O
poly(1,4-O-2-aminoacetyl-b-D-glycopiranoside)
Stucture of polysaccharides
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
O
H
HO
Lecture 5
OH
H
H
OH
O
H
H
HO
OH
H
H
OH
O
O
CH 2OH
H
CH 2OH
H 2C
O
O
H
H
H
OH
H
H 2C
O
H
O
HO
H
H
OH
H
CH 2OH
O
H
H
HO
H
OH
H
O
H
O
O
HO
H
O
O
H
HO
H
OH
H
H
HO
H
OH
Lentinan, poly b-glucan from shiitake
mushrooms [Lentinula edodes, Berk (Sharp)]
Immunostimulator, anti-cancer drug
H
PROTEINS
Lecture 5
Polypeptide chain
O
H2N CH C
H
OH
CH2
N
H
H2 C
H
C
O
H
C
CH2
CH2
Cisteine
NH
C
H2 N
N CH C
OH
SH
O
H
CH2
OH
NH
+
NH2
Arginine
Tryptophan
Condensation
- H2O
Lecture 5
Peptide chain
Peptide bonds
N-terminus
O
H
H2N CH C
N
CH2
C
H
H2 C
O
C
CH2
SH H
CH2
C-terminus
O
N CH C
CH2
NH
C
H2 N
OH
NH
+
NH2
Tripeptide RCW
Protein structure
Lecture 5
Amino acids in the protein molecule are connected
by peptide bonds
20 amino acids cam make 20n combinations
within a polypeptide, where n = the length of
polypeptide.
Protein molecules are usually made from 100 –
500 amino acid residues.
Protein structure
Lecture 5
Hydrophobic
interactions
Hydrogen
bonds
Disulphide
bridge
Ionic
bonds
Polypeptid
e chain
Lecture 5
Protein structure
Levels of the structural organisation of the proteins
Protein structure
Lecture 5
Chapherones –proteins, which help the other,
newly sythesised proteins to fold correctly.
Protein structure
Lecture 5
GLYCOPROTEINS, LIPOPROTEINS –proteins with
saide chains made from carbohydrates or lipids
Protein functions
Proteīn types
Structural proteins
Functions
Mehanic
Storage proteins
Amino acid storage
Transport proteins
Transportation of
substances
Signaling, coordination
Hormones
Receptors
Contractile proteins
Defense proteins
Enzymes
Response
Movement
Distinction among self
and non-self; defense
Catalysis of chemical
reactions
Lecture 5
Examples
Collagen, ellastin,
keratin
Ovalbumin, casein,
seed proteins
Hemoglobin,
membrane proteins
Insulin, peptide
hormones
Membrane proteins
Actin, myosine
Immunoglobuline,
complement
Catalases, ligases,
isomerases
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Formation of the phosphodiester bond
Lecture 5
NH 2
C
HO
O
HC 5
P
HC
C
O
5
N
1
CH 2 O
HC
CH 1
3
2
CH
CH
free 3’-hydroxyl
group at the 3-rd
atom of ribose
OH
HO
P
O

OH
P
O
O
+
O
H
N
HO
O
N
OH
b
O
P
O
a
C
C
NH
HC
O
5
CH 2
9
N
O
HC
C
1
N
C
NH 2
CH 1
3
CH
CH
OH
H
Nucleoside
triphosphate
Formation of the phosphodiester bond
Lecture 5
NH 2
C
O
HO
P
O
5
5’-end
O
HC
N
HC
C
N
CH 2
O
HC
CH
3 CH
new bond
O
CH
O
O
H
N
O
P
HO
O
HO
P
OH
O
O
P
OH
+
OH
pyrophosphate
CH 2
N
O
HC
3
C
NH
C
C
HC
5
O
C
N
NH 2
CH
CH
CH
OH
H
3’-end
DNA synthesis
Lecture 5
DNA structure
5’-phosphate
3’-hydroxyl
Lecture 5
DNA structure
Lecture 5
(minor
grove)
(major
grove)
3’
5’
20
Å
3’
5’
Base
pair
Helical turn - 10,5 b.p,
34 angstroms (Å)
DNA structure
Lecture 5
DNA structure
Rosalind Franclin
Lecture 5
Moriss Willkins
DNA structure
Lecture 5
DNA structure
James Watson
Lecture 5
Francis Crick
DNA structure
Lecture 5
DNA structure
Lecture 5
DNA superspiralisation
Lecture 5
Plectonemic superspiralisation; plasmid DNA
DNA superspiralisation
Lecture 5
Plectonemic superspiralisation; plasmid DNA
DNA superspiralisation
Lecture 5
Thoroid superspiralisation in the structure of histones
DNA superspiralisation
Lecture 5
Thoroid superspiralisation in the structure of
histones
DNA superspiralisation
Lecture 5
Thoroid superspiralisation in the structure of
histones
Folding of RNA
Structure of loops and hairpins
Lecture 5
Folding of RNA
Structure of the t-RNA molecule