Download Chemistry 2100

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

page
1
page
2
page
3
page
4
page
5
page
6
page
7
page
8
page
9
page
10
page
11
page
12
page
13
page
14
page
15
page
16
page
17
page
18
page
19
page
20
page
21
page
22
page
23
page
24
page
25
page
26
page
27
page
28
page
29
page
30
page
31
page
32
page
33
page
34
page
35
page
36
page
37
page
38
page
39
page
40
page
41
page
42
page
43
page
44
page
45
page
46
page
47
page
48
page
49
page
50
page
51
page
52
page
53
page
54
page
55
page
56
page
57
page
58
page
59
page
60
page
61
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript 
Chemistry 2100
Lecture 13
Metabolism
Stages of Catabolism
• digestion: hydrolysis
• degradation: nutrients
acetyl CoA
• TCA Cycle: acetyl CoA
CO2 + NADH / FADH2
• oxidative phosphorylation: NADH / FADH2
ATP
Catabolic Pathways
• Two principal types of compounds
participating in the common catabolic
pathway are:
– AMP, ADP, and ATP: agents for the
storage and transfer of phosphate
groups.
– NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2: agents
for the transfer of electrons in biological
oxidation-reduction reactions
Adenosine Triphosphate
NH2
N
N
N
O
N
O
O
CH 2 O P O P O P OH
O
OH
Ad
OH
OH
OH
OH
Ad
O
O
O
H2O
O P O P O P O
O
O
O
Ad
O
O P O
O
O
+
O
O P O P O
O
O
+ 7500 cal/mol
Ad
O
O
O
H2O
O P O P O P O
O
O
O
Ad
O
O P O
O
O
+
O
O P O P O
O
O
+ 7500 cal/mol
Ad
O
O
O
H2O
O P O P O P O
O
O
O
Ad
O
O P O
O
O
+
O
O P O P O
O
O
+ 7500 cal/mol
O
Ad
O
O
H2O
O P O P O P O
O
O
O
Ad
O
O P O
O
O
+
O
O P O P O
O
O
+ 31.4 kJ/mol
Coupled Reactions
(and why we need them)
O
4000 cal/mol +
R
C
O
OH
+
HO
R'
R
C
O R' +
H2 O
O
4000 cal/mol +
R
C
O
OH
+
HO
R'
R
C
O R' +
H2 O
O
4000 cal/mol +
R
C
O
OH
+
HO
R'
R
C
O R' +
H2 O
O
16.7 kJ/mol
+
R
C
O
OH
+
HO
R'
R
C
O R'
+
H2 O
O
2500 cal/mol +
R
C
O
OH
+
O
O
O P O P O P O
O
O
O
R C O
Ad
O
O
P O
O
Ad
O
+
O
O P O P O
O
O
O
2500 cal/mol +
R
C
O
OH
+
O
O
O P O P O P O
O
O
O
R C O
Ad
O
O
P O
O
Ad
O
+
O
O P O P O
O
O
O
2500 cal/mol +
R
C
O
OH
+
O
O
O P O P O P O
O
O
O
R C O
Ad
O
O
P O
O
Ad
O
+
O
O P O P O
O
O
O
10.5 kJ/mol
+
R
C
O
OH
+
O
O
O P O P O P O
O
O
O
R C O
Ad
O
O
P O
O
O
Ad
+
O
O P O P O
O
O
O
R C O
O
P O
Ad
O
+
HO
R'
O
R
C
O
O R' +
O P O
O
Ad
+ 6000 cal/mol
O
R C O
O
P O
Ad
O
+
HO
R'
O
R
C
O
O R' +
O P O
O
Ad
+ 6000 cal/mol
O
R C O
O
P O
Ad
O
+
HO
R'
O
R
C
O
O R' +
O P O
O
Ad
+ 6000 cal/mol
O
R C O
O
P O
Ad
O
+
HO
R'
O
R
C
O
O R' +
O P O
O
Ad
+ 25.1 kJ/mol
O
R
C
OH +
HO
R'
+
ATP
O
R
C
O R' +
AMP +
PP + 14.6 kJ/mol
NAD+/NADH
– NAD+ is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to
NADH.
– NADH is a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to
NAD+. The structures shown here are the nicotinamide
portions of NAD+ and NADH.
H
O
H H O
C
C
NH2 + H+ + 2 eNH2
:
N
Ad
NAD+
(oxidized form)
N
Ad
N AD H
(reduced form)
– NADH is an electron and hydrogen ion transporting
molecule.
FAD/FADH2
– FAD is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to
FADH2.
– FADH2 is a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to
FAD.
– Only the flavin
moiety is shown in the structures below.
O
H
O
H3 C
H3 C
N
N
N
Ad
FAD
NH
O
H3 C
N
H3 C
N
N
Ad H
+ 2 H+ + 2 e -
FAD H2
NH
O
Carbohydrate Catabolism
• glycolysis: glucose
• TCA Cycle: acetyl CoA
pyruvate
acetyl CoA
CO2 + NADH / FADH2
• oxidative phosphorylation: NADH / FADH2
ATP
Glycolysis
H
C
H
OH
HO
H
O
ATP
ADP
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2 OH
glucose
H
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
C
O
H
OH
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
glucose-6-ph osph ate
OH
O
H
H
C
isomerase
HO
H
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
fructose -6-phosphate
H
C
H
OH
HO
H
O
ATP
ADP
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2 OH
glucose
H
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
C
O
H
OH
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
glucose-6-ph osph ate
OH
O
H
H
C
isomerase
HO
H
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
fructose -6-phosphate
H
C
H
OH
HO
H
O
ATP
ADP
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2 OH
glucose
H
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
C
O
H
OH
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
glucose-6-ph osph ate
OH
O
H
H
C
isomerase
HO
H
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
fructose -6-phosphate
H
C
H
OH
HO
H
O
ATP
ADP
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2 OH
glucose
H
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
C
O
H
OH
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
glucose-6-ph osph ate
OH
O
H
H
C
isomerase
HO
H
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
fructose -6-phosphate
H
C
H
OH
HO
H
O
ATP
ADP
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2 OH
glucose
H
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
C
O
H
OH
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
glucose-6-ph osph ate
OH
O
H
H
C
isomerase
HO
H
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
OH
-2
CH2 O PO3
fructose -6-phosphate
CH2 O PO3-2
O
HO
CH2 O PO3-2
ATP
phosphofructokinase
he xokinase
Mg
+2
H
O
ADP
•
HO
H
H
O
H
OH
H
CH2 O PO3-2
H
aldolase
H
dihydroxyace ton e
phosphate
(e nediol)
H
fructose -1,6-diphosphate
•
O
OH
CH2 O PO3-2
glyceralde hyde-3-ph osph ate
CH2 O PO3-2
O
HO
CH2 O PO3-2
ATP
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
O
ADP
•
HO
H
H
O
H
OH
H
CH2 O PO3-2
H
aldolase
H
dihydroxyace ton e
phosphate
(e nediol)
H
fructose -1,6-diphosphate
•
O
OH
CH2 O PO3-2
glyceralde hyde-3-ph osph ate
CH2 O PO3-2
O
HO
CH2 O PO3-2
ATP
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
O
ADP
•
HO
H
H
O
H
OH
H
CH2 O PO3-2
H
aldolase
H
dihydroxyace ton e
phosphate
(e nediol)
H
fructose -1,6-diphosphate
•
O
OH
CH2 O PO3-2
glyceralde hyde-3-ph osph ate
CH2 O PO3-2
O
HO
CH2 O PO3-2
ATP
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
O
ADP
H
H
•
•
H
O
•
aldolase
H
dihydroxyace ton e
phosphate
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
CH2 O PO3-2
H
fructose -1,6-diphosphate
•
O
OH
CH2 O PO3-2
glyceralde hyde-3-ph osph ate
CH2 O PO3-2
O
HO
CH2 O PO3-2
ATP
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
O
ADP
H
H
•
•
H
O
•
aldolase
H
dihydroxyace ton e
phosphate
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
CH2 O PO3-2
H
fructose -1,6-diphosphate
•
O
OH
CH2 O PO3-2
glyceralde hyde-3-ph osph ate
CH2 O PO3-2
O
HO
CH2 O PO3-2
ATP
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
O
ADP
H
H
•
•
H
O
•
aldolase
H
dihydroxyace ton e
phosphate
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
CH2 O PO3-2
H
fructose -1,6-diphosphate
•
O
OH
CH2 O PO3-2
glyceralde hyde-3-ph osph ate
CH2 O PO3-2
O
HO
CH2 O PO3-2
ATP
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
O
ADP
H
H
•
•
H
O
•
aldolase
H
dihydroxyace ton e
phosphate
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
CH2 O PO3-2
H
fructose -1,6-diphosphate
•
O
OH
CH2 O PO3-2
glyceralde hyde-3-ph osph ate
CH2 O PO3-2
O
HO
CH2 O PO3-2
ATP
HO
he xokinase
Mg +2
H
O
ADP
H
H
•
•
H
O
•
aldolase
H
dihydroxyace ton e
phosphate
(e nediol)
H
OH
H
CH2 O PO3-2
H
fructose -1,6-diphosphate
•
O
OH
CH2 O PO3-2
glyceralde hyde-3-ph osph ate
O
H
H
C
H
O
C
OH
CH2O
glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
+
PO3-2
NH 2
dehydrogenase
N
AD
HPO4-2
-2
O
C
NAD +
H
O PO3
OH
H O
C
H
+
••
CH2O
1,3-bisphospho
glycerate
-2
PO3
N
AD
NADH
NH 2
O
H
C
O
-2
PO3
O
ADP
OH
CH2 O
-2
PO3
1,3 bisphospho
glyce
ric acid
1,3-diph
osph ate
glycerate
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
H
C
O H
O
mutase
OH
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
3-phosphate
-2
PO3
H
C
OH
O
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
2-phosphate
-2
PO3
H
O
H
C
O
-2
PO3
O
ADP
OH
CH2 O
glyce
ric acid
1,3
bisphospho
1,3-diph osph ate
glycerate
-2
PO3
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
H
C
O H
O
mutase
OH
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
3-phosphate
-2
PO3
H
C
OH
O
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
2-phosphate
-2
PO3
H
O
H
C
O
-2
PO3
O
ADP
OH
CH2 O
glyce
ric acid
1,3
bisphospho
1,3-diph osph ate
glycerate
-2
PO3
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
H
C
O H
O
mutase
OH
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
3-phospho
3-phosphate
glycerate
-2
PO3
H
C
OH
O
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
2-phosphate
-2
PO3
H
O
H
C
O
-2
PO3
O
ADP
OH
CH2 O
glyce
ric acid
1,3
bisphospho
1,3-diph osph ate
glycerate
-2
PO3
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
H
C
O H
O
mutase
OH
CH2 O
glyce
ric acid
3-phospho
3-phosphate
glycerate
-2
PO3
H
C
OH
O
CH2 O
glyce
ric acid
2-phospho
2-phosphate
glycerate
-2
PO3
H
O
H
C
O
-2
PO3
O
ADP
OH
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
1,3-diph osph ate
-2
PO3
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
H
C
O H
O
mutase
OH
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
3-phosphate
-2
PO3
H
C
OH
O
CH2 O H
2-phospho
glyce ric acid
2-phosphate
glycerate
-2
PO3
O
C
e nolase
H
( - H2O)
-2
O OPO3 OH
C ADP
glyce ric acid
1,3-diph osph ate
ATP
O PO3-2
OH
CH2 O
O
-2
POCH
3 2
kin ase
Mg +2
ADP
H
C
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
O OH
C
mutase
OH
CH2 O
glyce ric acid
3-phosphate
OH
O H
-2
POCH
3 2
O
H
C
OH
O
CH2 O H
2-phospho
glyce ric acid
2-phosphate
glycerate
-2
PO3
O
C
e nolase
OH
ADP
O PO3-2
( - H2O)
CH2
O
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
C
OH
O H
CH2
O
C
e nolase
OH
ADP
O PO3-2
( - H2O)
CH2
O
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
C
OH
O H
CH2
O
C
e nolase
OH
ADP
O PO3-2
( - H2O)
CH2
O
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
C
OH
O H
CH2
O
C
e nolase
OH
ADP
O PO3-2
( - H2O)
CH2
O
ATP
kin ase
Mg +2
C
OH
O
C
O
O H
CH2
OH
CH 2
H
pyruvic
pyruvate acid
Anaerobic Glycolysis
O
C
OH
O
NAD +
NAD H
O
CH3
pyruvic acid
pyruvate
+
H
C
H
HO
OH
OH
H
CH3
(–)-lactic
acid
lactic acid
Fermentation
O
C
OH
CO2
O
CH 3
pyruvic acid
pyruvate
decarboxylase
H
O
CH 3
acetaldehyde
acetaldehyde
H
NAD +
NAD H
+
H
H
OH
CH 3
ethanol
ethanol
TriCarboxylic Acid Cycle Prep
O
C
OH
NAD +
O
CH 3
pyruvic acid
pyruvate
+
H S
CoA
NAD H
S
CoA
O
+
(- H )
CH 3
ace tyl CoA
+
CO 2
Acetyl-CoA production
Acetyl-CoA Oxidation
Electron Transfer and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Where does this all happen?
Net Effect of the Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O
2CO2 +3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+
•
carbons of acetyl groups in acetyl-CoA are
oxidized to CO2
• electrons from this process reduce NAD+ and FAD
• one GTP is formed per cycle, this can be
converted to ATP
• intermediates in the cycle are not depleted
Energy Yield
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Related documents