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BALANCE=? HOMEOSTASIS SO WATER GAINED=? HOW DOES WATER BALANCE GO ALONG WITH ELECTROLYTE BALANCE? HEATSTROKE? WHO’S MORE SUSCEPTIBLE AND WHY? WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? www.tubspike.com DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS ARE FEMALES OR MALES HIGHER? WHY? TYPES OF COMPARTMENTS? INTRACELLULAR? MOST/63% EXTRACELLULAR? INTERSTITIAL FLUID, PLASMA, LYMPH, TRANSCELLULAR 37% TRANSCELLULAR? CSF, AQUEOUS AND VITREOUS HUMOR,SYNOVIAL FLUID, SEROUS FLUID, EXOCRINE SECRETIONS INTRA: HIGH: ? K, PO4,Mg, SO4, PROTEINS (MORE THAN PLASMA) LOW: Na, Cl, BICARBONATE, SO WHAT WOULD EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (INTERSTITIAL) BE? SO WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF WE LOST WATER FROM THE CELLS? WORKSHEET WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF WE LOST WATER FROM THE EXTRACELLLULAR FLUID? MOVEMENT OF FLUIDS WHAT 2 FORCES CONTROL MOVEMENT ?(THINK NEPHRON) HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE? COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE? WHERE HAVE WE SEEN IT ALREADY ? HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE USUALLY EQUAL MOST WATER MOVEMENT DUE TO OSMOTIC PRESSURE DUE TO IMPERMEABLE SOLUTES EX: IF Na DECREASES OUTSIDE CAUSES H2O TO ? ENTER CELL CAPILLARY BED DIFFUSION http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=MOVEMENT+OF+SOLUTES+AT+CAPILLARY+BED BODY FLUID COMPOSITION COMPARISON EXTRA: HIGH: Na, Cl, Ca, BICARBONATE, LOW: K, Mg, PO4, SO4 BLOOD PLASMA: MORE PROTEIN WHY? WATER BALANCE HOMEOSTASIS IN = OUT http://dalilaubillus.girlshopes.com/calculatingintakeandoutput REGULATION OF INTAKE WHEN DO YOU DRINK? THIRST CENTER: HYPOTHALAMUS STEPS: H2O DECREASES OSMOTIC PRESSURE __________________ _____________________ FLUIDS INCREASE ________RECEPTORS STIMULATED IN THIRST CENTER FEEL __________________ DRY MOUTH BECAUSE? WHEN IS THE REFLEX STIMULATED? WHAT INHIBITS THIRST REFLEX? WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF IT WASN’T INHIBITED QUICKLY? WATER OUTPUT BY? URINE, FEECES, SWEAT (SENSIBLE PERSPIRATION), EVAPORATION FROM SKIN (INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION), BREATHING H2O VAPOR IF NOT ENOUGH WAS INGESTED WHICH FORM OF OUTPUT IS REDUCED? REGULATION OF OUTPUT MAIN MECHANISM? (THNK KIDNEY) ADH FROM ? CAUSES ? TO BECOME PERMEABLE TO H2O TOO MUCH WATER? HOW DO DIURETICS WORK? ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE ELECTROLYTE BALANCE ? MOST IMPORTANT: Na,K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, PO4, H+, BICARBONATE, BY? FORMATION OF ELECTROLYTES WATER IS ? THIS CAUSES IONICALLY BONDED MOLECULES TO ? = ELECTROLYTES OSMORALITY = WHAT IS AN OSMOLE? WHY DOES SALT HAVE 2 OSMOLES? ELECTROLYTE OUTPUT BY? SWEAT, FEECES, MOSTLY KIDNEY REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTE OUTPUT CATIONS IMPORTANT FOR? MOST ABUNDANT CATION: EXTRACELLULAR? CONTROLLED BY? ALDOSTERONE, KIDNEYS ALDOSTERONE ALSO DECREASES POTASSIUM LOW CALCIUM ? PTH STIMULATES OSTEOCLASTS REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM ANIONS GENERALLY MOVE WITH THE CATIONS ALSO ACTIVE TRANSPORT SOMEWHAT HYDROGEN BASE BALANCE ACIDS = ? BASES = ? CHANGES AFFECT RATE OF ENZYME ACTIVITY, CHANGE DISTRIBUTION OF IONS, MODIFY HORMONE ACTION INTRACELLLULAR: pH: Normal:- 7.35 – 7.45 SOURCES OF H+ MOSTLY METABOLISM BUT SOME ABSORBED BY DIGESTION METABOLISM: AEROBIC RESPIRATION OF GLUCOSE CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (?) H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OF GLUCOSE FORMS? INCOMPLETE OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS PRODUCES ACIDIC KETONE BODIES OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS WITH SULFUR FORMS? HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHOPROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS PHOSPHORIC ACID ACIDS STRONG VS. WEAK ? HCL RELEASES MORE H+ THAN H2CO3 BASES RELEASE ? STRONG VS. WEAK METABOLISM RELEASES MORE ? IS RELEASED BY? ACID-BASE BUFFER SYSTEMS CO2 EXCRETION RENAL EXCRETION OF ? A BUFFER IS ? WE HAVE A FEW BUT 3 MAIN SYSTEMS BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM FOUND IN ? ACIDIC SOLUTION: H+ + HCO3 H2CO3 ALKALINE SOLUTION: H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 WHAT HAPPENS IN TISSUES NEAR CELLS? HIGH CO2? WHAT HAPPENS CLOSE TO LUNGS? SOME INDIVIDUAL AMINO ACIDS ACT AS BUFFERS ALSO SUMMARY ACCEPT HYDROGEN IONS WHEN FLUID IS BECOMING MORE _________ GIVE UP HYDROGEN IONS WHEN FLUID IS BECOMING MORE __________ CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEMS CAN ONLY HELP FOR A SHORT TIME, MUST ________________ RESPIRATORY EXCRETION OF CO2