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End-of-Course
Practice Questions
1/12 Scientific Process
1. Students hypothesized that water pollution affects
the growth of fish. In an experiment, they added the
same amount of food to ponds polluted by fertilizers
and industrial waste. They measured fish growth and
found that most fish grow slowly in each of these
environments. Why is their conclusion not reliable?
A. They did not have a control
B. They did not have a clear hypothesis.
C. They only tested one independent variable.
D. They did not have a dependent variable.
1/13 Scientific Process
2. A student hypothesized that watching sports on television would
cause viewers’ pulse rates to increase. She designed an experiment
to determine the effect of watching sports on pulse rate. A group of
200 volunteers took their pulse rates and then watched their
favorite sports on television. After the games, they immediately
took their pulse rates again. The data collected showed that the
pulse rates of some people increased, but the pulse rates of an
equal number of people did not change. Although the hypothesis
was not supported by the data, the hypothesis is still valuable
because it
A. may lead to further investigation
B. can be changed to fit the data
C. is the opinion of the experimenter
D. is based on beliefs of the volunteers
1/13 Scientific Process
3. Students were asked to design a lab that investigated the relationship between exercise and heart
rate. Heart rate was determined by recording the pulse rate in beats per minute. The students
hypothesized that increased exercise results in an increased heart rate. The class results for the
experiment are shown in the graph below.
Which statement is best supported by the graph?
A. Before exercising, the average pulse rate was 65; four minutes after exercising, the average pulse rate was 65.
B. After four minutes of exercising, the average pulse rate was 120; two minutes after exercising, the average
pulse rate was 120.
C. While exercising, the highest average pulse rate was 150; before exercising, the average pulse rate was 65.
D. Two minutes before exercising, the average pulse rate was 80; after two minutes of exercise, the average
pulse rate was 140.
1/14 Scientific Process
4. Students in a different science class carried out the same experiment. The data
they obtained did not support the hypothesis that increased exercise results in
increased heart rate. The most scientifically sound way to deal with this situation is
to
A write a new hypothesis
B read about pulse rate in a biology textbook
C have the students in both classes vote to decide which hypothesis is correct
D ask students in a third class to do the experiment and see if their results support
the hypothesis
1/14 Scientific Process
5. At which stage of scientific thinking are scientists most
likely to consider the data and conclusions of other
scientists to propose new experiments?
A observing
B testing hypotheses
C analyzing data
D. forming hypotheses
1/15 Cell Processes
6. What type of organism might contain the cell shown above?
A Alga
B Animal
C Bacterium
D Plant
1/20 Cell Processes
7. Cells may have different shapes and different
numbers of organelles, depending on their
function. Which features do plant cells have
that animal cells lack?
A chloroplast, ribosome, and cell wall
B Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, and vesicle
C Cell wall, chloroplast, and central vacuole
D Central vacuole, chloroplast, and smooth ER
1/20 Cell Processes
8. Which of these statements best explains the process of
energy conversion that takes place in the mitochondria?
F Energy is required for carbon dioxide molecules to
form six-carbon sugar molecules.
G Water molecules and radiant energy are necessary for
anaerobic respiration to take place.
H Oxygen molecules release energy in the form of heat
during combustion reactions.
J The energy in the bonds of glucose molecules is
transferred to the phosphate bonds in ATP.
1/21 Cell Processes
9. The illustration above shows a cell and a large particle. Many substances,
such as proteins and polysaccharides, are too large to be transported into a cell
by carrier proteins. In a process called endocytosis, the large particle is brought
into the cell.
Which of the following statements correctly summarizes this process?
A. Waste materials carry the particle into the cell.
B. The particle passes directly through a protein doorway in the cell
membrane.
C. The particle passes directly through the phospholipids that make up the
cell membrane.
D. The cell membrane surrounds the particle and forms a vesicle that is
brought into the cell.
1/20 Cell Processes
10. Some levels of organization in a multicellular
organism are shown in the sequence below.
A → cells → tissues → B → organ systems → organism
Which terms represented by letters A and B would
complete the sequence?
A. A–gametes; B–zygote
B. A–zygote; B–gametes
C. A–organs; B–organelles
D. A–organelles; B–organs
1/20 Cell Processes
11. In order for the human body to maintain
homeostasis, the breakdown of glucose to
release energy must be followed by the
A. production of oxygen
B. division of the cell
C. removal of wastes
D. production of receptor molecules
1/14 Cell Process
12. A single-celled organism has organelles called contractile vacuoles to move water from
inside to outside the cell. The data presented in the table above were obtained in an
experiment in which an organism was placed in water with different salt concentrations.
The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was
recorded. How could you explain the observed relationship between the rate of contractile
vacuole contractions and the salt concentration?
A When the salt concentration outside the cell is very high, diffusion causes water to move
inside the cell, and the contractile vacuole has to contract more rapidly.
B When the salt concentration outside the cell is very low, diffusion causes water to move
outside the cell, but it has no impact on the contractile vacuole contractions.
C When the salt concentration outside the cell is very high, diffusion causes water to move
outside the cell, and the contractile vacuole does not need to contract as rapidly.
D When the salt concentration outside the cell is very low, diffusion causes water to move
outside the cell, and the contractile vacuole does not need to contract as rapidly.
1/16 Cell Processes
13. The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane is called osmosis. Which description represents
the effects of osmosis on a plant cell when the concentration
of sugar particles is greater inside the cell than outside?
A. Water diffuses into the cell, and the cell swells.
B. Water diffuses out of the cell, and the cell shrinks.
C. Water moves into and out of the cell at equal rates, and
cell size remains the same.
D. Water is blocked from moving into or out of the cell, and
cell size remains the same.
1/16 Cell Processes
14. Some processes that occur in a cell are listed
below.
A. utilize energy
B. detect changes in the environment
C. rearrange and synthesize chemical compounds
Which processes will all living organisms use to
maintain homeostasis?
A A and B, only
B B and C, only
C C and A, only
D A, B, and C
1/16 Cell Processes
15. Which cellular process takes place in the
ribosomes that are bound to the endoplasmic
reticulum?
A
B
C
D
The breakdown of waste material
The conversion of radiant energy to glucose
The synthesis of new proteins
The replication of nucleic acids
1/23 Organic Compounds
16. Enzymes are proteins that help increase the rate of
chemical reactions inside cells. These proteins are
composed of many simpler molecules called amino
acids. Which of the following suggests that the shape of
an enzyme determines the enzyme’s function?
F Enzymes are specific to a substrate.
G Enzymes can operate in a wide range of conditions.
H Enzymes are activated by neighboring molecules.
J Enzymes can be found in all life-forms.
1/26 Organic Compounds
17. Proteins and polysaccharides are polymers. These
polymers are formed by dehydration synthesis. Which
statement correctly identifies a difference in the
structure of proteins and polysaccharides?
F Only polysaccharides are comprised of repeating units
of cytosine, adenine, guanine, and thymine.
G Only proteins are formed from amino acids joined by
peptide bonds.
H Only polysaccharides can be folded and twisted to
very specific shapes.
J Only proteins can be large molecules with thousands
of subunits.
1/26 Organic Compounds
18. Which of these best represents a fatty acid molecule?
1/27 Organic Compounds
19.Which group contains larger molecules that are
each assembled from smaller organic compounds?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proteins, water, DNA, fats
Proteins, starch, carbon dioxide, water
Proteins, DNA, fats, starch
Proteins, carbon dioxide, DNA, starch
1/27 Organic Compounds
20. Based on the results of a series of experiments, Joshua created the table to summarize some of the
characteristics of the chemicals needed for life.
From this information, it can be inferred that nucleic acids ___.
A.
B.
C.
D.
are larger molecules than proteins.
are necessary for a cell to make proteins from amino acids.
do not mix with water.
can be used by cells as an energy source.
1/20 Organic Compounds
21. What term best completes this analogy?
Nucleotide is to nucleic acid as ______ is to protein.
A
B
C
D
DNA
Glycerol
Amino acid
Carbohydrate
1/26 Organic Compounds
22. Which structural formula represents a
polysaccharide?
A.
C.
1
4
B.
D.
2
5
1/26 Organic Compounds
23. The diagram above illustrates the structure of glucose. Which of the
following describes how the body uses molecules like the one illustrated
above?
A Sugars form carbohydrates, which are linked together to form fats
that store energy.
B Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is stored inside
the body’s cells.
C Sugars are broken down into proteins that become the building
blocks of the body’s tissues.
D Carbohydrates, such as glucose, are broken down to release chemical
energy that is used by the body’s cells.
2/3 Organic Compounds
24. Two of the four principle classes of organic
compounds are proteins and nucleic acids. What is
the relationship between proteins and nucleic acids?
A Nucleic acids use proteins for energy.
B Nucleic acids are a subset of proteins.
C Proteins are long polymers of nucleic acids.
D Nucleic acids contain the information to make
proteins.
2/3 Organic Compounds
25. Hemoglobin, insulin, and maltase are polymers
of amino acids. These are examples of –
A
B
C
D
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
2/4 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
26. Which two processes are responsible for keeping the
percentage of atmospheric oxygen at relatively constant
levels?
A. circulation and coordination
B. respiration and coordination
C. respiration and photosynthesis
D. photosynthesis and circulation
2/4 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
27. A human activity that could significantly
decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is
A. increasing the use of fossil fuel
B. controlling insect pests that eat stored grain
C. burning garbage and trash to generate
electricity
D. preserving and expanding forest habitats that
shelter wildlife
2/4 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
28. The energy used to obtain, transfer, and
transport materials within an organism comes
directly from
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. Sunlight
D. starch
1/30 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
29. Changes in water pressure within guard cells cause
the cells to open or close the stoma. This response
helps the plant maintain homeostasis by —
A stabilizing the plant’s temperature through the
evaporation of water
B regulating the amount of water the plant loses during
transpiration
C allowing oxygen needed for photosynthesis to enter
the plant
D enabling the plant to release more carbon dioxide at
night for photosynthesis
1/30 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
30. Which of the following correctly describes how a
diagram of cellular respiration would differ from a
diagram of photosynthesis?
F The cellular-respiration diagram would show
electromagnetic waves as the final product.
G The cellular-respiration diagram would show glucose
as the main source of energy.
H The cellular-respiration diagram would show energy
stored in large protein molecules.
J The cellular-respiration diagram would show water as
the main source of chemical energy.
2/3 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
31.
2/3 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
32.
2/3 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
33. Which process illustrates a feedback mechanism
in plants?
A Chloroplasts take in more nitrogen, which increases
the rate of photosynthesis.
B Chloroplasts release more oxygen in response to a
decreased rate of photosynthesis.
C Guard cells change the size of leaf openings,
regulating the exchange of gases.
D Guard cells release oxygen from the leaf at night.
2/5 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
33.
2/5 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
34. The diagram below represents a cycling of
materials.
2/5 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
35. Which of the following statements best describes the
structure of DNA?
A Two strands of proteins are held together by sugar
molecules, nitrogen bases, and phosphate groups.
B Two strands composed of sugar molecules and
phosphate groups are linked together by proteins.
C Nitrogen bases and phosphate groups link together to
form the backbone of a strand. Two such strands
are linked together by sugar molecules.
D Sugar molecules and phosphate groups link together
to
form the backbone of a strand. Two such strands
are linked together by matched nitrogen bases.
2/9 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
36. The diagram represents an incomplete model of the DNA
molecule. Even though the model is not complete, what
pattern is evident in this representation of the DNA molecule?
A Every third base pair has a mutation.
B Guanine is always paired with cytosine.
C The model has a repeating base sequence.
D There are two sugars between each phosphate.
2/9 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
2/9 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
37. The genetic code is nearly universal. That is, with
few exceptions, the same codons code for the same
amino acids in all organisms. What does the near
universality of the genetic code suggest?
A
B
C
D
All life forms can reproduce with one another.
All life forms have the same number of genes.
All life forms have a common evolutionary ancestor.
All life forms arose about the same time in Earth’s
history.
2/11 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
38. During the process of transcription, the strand of
messenger RNA shown below is produced.
mRNA AACUUAGGACAU
What was the original DNA template that produced
this strand?
A TTCTTAGGACAT
B UUGTTUCCUGUT
C UUGAAUCCUGUA
D TTGAATCCTGTA
2/17 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
39. The diagram above shows one process that occurs during
gene expression. What process does the diagram represent?
A DNA replication
B RNA replication
C Transcription
D Translation
2/17 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
40. Which of the following statements best describes
the process of gene expression?
A Messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA transcribe
information onto a cell’s DNA.
B The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and
then transcribed to amino acids.
C The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and
then translated to make specific proteins.
D The information in DNA is translated by messenger
RNA and then translated to make ribosomal RNA.
2/17 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
41. In some cells, gene expression involves mRNA
processing. Which of the following best describes
where mRNA processing is likely to occur?
A
B
C
D
nucleus of prokaryotic cell
cytoplasm of prokaryotic cell
nucleus of eukaryotic cell
ribosome of eukaryotic cell
2/17 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
42. Errors sometimes happen during DNA replication. If
guanine is accidentally substituted for thymine in a DNA
nucleotide, which of the following will always
happen because of the error in DNA replication?
A The cell will die when it divides.
B The cell will become a rapidly dividing cancer cell.
C The cell will produce mRNA with a mutated
nucleotide sequence.
D The cell will have a better chance of surviving under
different conditions.
2/19 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
43. Most mutations involve a misplacement of a
nucleotide on a DNA segment. Which of the following is
not a possible result of a mutation?
A The mutation will be passed on to the next
generation.
B The mutation will cause immediate death of the
individual.
C The gene that contains the mutation will be expressed
in a new way.
D The gene that contains the mutation will be expressed
in the same way as before the mutation.
2/19 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
44. A section of a nucleic acid is shown below.
The process represented in the diagram produces a molecule that
is complementary to the template strand of DNA. What type of
molecule is produced?
A New DNA
B Polypeptide
C Messenger RNA
D Carbohydrate
2/23 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
45. A model of a DNA molecule is shown below.
The arrow indicates —
F the bond between adjacent phosphate and deoxyribose
molecules
G the junction of introns and exons in the sense strand of DNA
H the hydrogen bond between complementary nucleotides
J the junction of a codon and a DNA triplet
2/23 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
46. A codon chart is shown below.
Which of these changes to the DNA triplet 3’ GCT 5’ will affect
the protein produced?
A GTT
C TCC
B TCT
D GCA
2/24 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
47. Characteristics such as a widow’s peak or
attached earlobes are determined by the genetic
code. Which components of DNA are referred to as
the genetic code?
F Phosphate groups
G Nitrogenous bases
H Deoxyribose sugars
J Hydrogen bonds
2/24 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
48. How does DNA in cells determine an organism’s
complex traits?
A DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary
for the growth and functioning of an organism.
B DNA separates into long single strands that make up
each part of an organism.
C DNA produces the energy an organism needs in order
to grow.
D DNA folds into the nucleus of each of the cells of an
organism.
2/25 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
49. A mutation that occurs in the gametes of an
organism will most likely be transferred to which
of the following?
A The siblings of the organism
B The offspring of the organism
C The other organisms living nearby
D The mating partner of the organism
2/25 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
50. The main function of this
process is to
A provide an exact copy of the
genetic code
B ensure genetic variation in
a species
C synthesize cellular proteins
D produce antibodies to
combat disease
3/2 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
51. What does gene expression control?
A
B
C
D
the proteins that are made by the cell
the rate at which DNA replication occurs
the duration between cell cycles
the division of the cell nucleus
3/2 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
52. A recent study of the genetic code has determined
that the mRNA codons UCU, UCC, UCA, and UCG all
code for the amino acid serine. What does this research
finding suggest?
A The genetic code is the same for nearly all organisms.
B The genetic code does not dictate the amino acid
sequence of proteins.
C A mutation in one base will always have a physical
effect on the resulting protein.
D A mutation in one base could have absolutely no
physical effect on the resulting protein.
3/4 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
53. There are 64 possible mRNA codons that make
up the genetic code. Which of the following is true
of the genetic code?
A Codons can be only three amino acids long.
B Codons can be one, two, or three bases long.
C Each codon is linked to only one amino acid.
D Each amino acid is linked to only one codon.
3/4 Cell Reproduction
54. Part of a process necessary for
reproduction in complex organisms is
represented
Step C results in the production of
A. four zygotes that will develop into
embryos
B. embryonic cells that could unite and
develop into an organism
C. four cells that will recombine to form
two offspring
D. gametes that could be involved in the
formation of a zygote
3/5 Cell Reproduction
55. Which sequence best represents sexual
reproduction?
A. mitosis → gametes → zygote → fertilization
B. gametes →meiosis →mitosis →fertilization
C. fertilization → gametes → meiosis → zygote
D. meiosis → gametes → fertilization → zygote
3/5 Cell Reproduction
56. Cell differentiation is critical during embryonic
development. The process of cell differentiation
results in the production of many types of cells,
including germ, somatic, and stem cells. Cell
differentiation is most directly regulated by —
A ATP
B DNA
C lipids
D sugars
3/2 Cell Reproduction
57. Construction workers attach ropes and pulleys to wooden
timbers on an old bridge. They use the rope and pulley system like
the one in the diagram to move the timbers away from each other
in order to dismantle the bridge. Which stage of mitosis is similar to
this way of dismantling a bridge?
A Prophase
B Anaphase
C Telophase
D Metaphase
3/2 Cell Reproduction
58. Which of these statements best explains why meiosis is
important for sexual reproduction?
A By involving two cell divisions, meiosis ensures that offspring
receive half their genetic information from each parent.
B By involving a single cell division, meiosis ensures that
offspring are genetically identical to each other and to the
parents.
C Meiosis occurs in those cells that have already undergone
DNA replication.
D During meiosis, sister chromatids, which are genetically
different from each other, line up along the center of the cell,
and then separate into two cells.
3/4 Cell Reproduction
59. The diagram to the right represents the
cell cycle.
When cells leave the cell cycle, they exit
during G1 phase and then enter G0 phase,
a resting period. Most normal cells can
leave G0 phase and reenter the cell cycle
at G1 phase before entering S phase. Cancer
cells are different because they cannot enter G0 phase and are likely
to do which of the following?
A
B
C
D
Fail to complete S phase
Mutate during G1 phase
Repeat the cell cycle continuously
Die after completing mitosis 1
3/4 Cell Reproduction
60. The diagram below shows four stages of a cell
undergoing mitosis.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages
as they occur in the cell cycle?
A 1, 3, 4, 2
B 2, 1, 3, 4
C 2, 4, 3, 1
D 4, 3, 2, 1