Download LE 01-10b - Wells College

Fig. 9-1
Fig. 9-2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O
Organic
+O
molecules 2
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
ATP
ATP powers most cellular work
Heat
energy
Fig. 9-UN1
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)
becomes reduced
(gains electron)
Fig. 9-UN2
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Fig. 9-3
Reactants
Products
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Methane
(reducing
agent)
Oxygen
(oxidizing
agent)
Carbon dioxide
Water
Fig. 9-UN3
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Fig. 9-4
2 e– + 2 H+
2 e– + H+
NADH
H+
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD+
NAD+
+
+ H+
2[H]
Oxidation of NADH
Nicotinamide
(reduced form)
Nicotinamide
(oxidized form)
Fig. 9-5
H2 + 1/2 O2
2H
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
+
–
2H + 2e
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
1/
2 O2
Explosive
release of
heat and light
energy
1/
(a) Uncontrolled reaction
(b) Cellular respiration
2 O2
Fig. 9-6-3
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Citric
acid
cycle
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Glucose
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
ATP
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Fig. 9-7
Enzyme
Enzyme
ADP
P
Substrate
+
Product
ATP
Fig. 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP
used
4 ATP
formed
Energy payoff phase
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Fig. 9-10
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
NAD+
NADH + H+
2
1
Pyruvate
Transport protein
3
CO2
Coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA
Fig. 9-11
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD+
CoA
NADH
+ H+
Acetyl CoA
CoA
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
FADH2
2 CO2
3 NAD+
3 NADH
FAD
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
Fig. 9-13
NADH
50
2 e–
NAD+
FADH2
2 e–
40

FMN
FAD
Multiprotein
complexes
FAD
Fe•S 
Fe•S
Q

Cyt b
30
Fe•S
Cyt c1
I
V
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
10
2 e–
(from NADH
or FADH2)
0
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
Fig. 9-14
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+
Stator
Rotor
Internal
rod
Catalytic
knob
ADP
+
P
i
ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Fig. 9-16
H+
H+
H+
H+
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
Cyt c
V
Q


ATP
synthase

FADH2
NADH
2 H+ + 1/2O2
H2O
FAD
NAD+
ADP + P i
(carrying electrons
from food)
ATP
H+
1 Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
2 Chemiosmosis
Fig. 9-17
Electron shuttles
span membrane
CYTOSOL
2 NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose
2
Pyruvate
MITOCHONDRION
2 NADH
or
2 FADH2
6 NADH
2 NADH
2
Acetyl
CoA
+ 2 ATP
Citric
acid
cycle
+ 2 ATP
Maximum per glucose:
About
36 or 38 ATP
2 FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
+ about 32 or 34 ATP
Fig. 9-18
2 ADP + 2 Pi
Glucose
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 NAD+
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 CO2
2 Acetaldehyde
2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 ADP + 2 Pi
Glucose
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 NAD+
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 Pyruvate
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
Fig. 9-20
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Amino
acids
Sugars
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
NH3
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Fats
Glycerol
Fatty
acids