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Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
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Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition
– Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Unnumbered Figure p.32
Model of a
milk-digesting
enzyme
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Unnumbered Figure p.33
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.1 Variations in carbon skeletons
Structural
formula
H
H
Space-filling
model
Ball-and-stick
model
H
C
H
C
H
H
Methane
H
H
The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
Ethane
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
Propane
Carbon skeletons vary in length.
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
Butane
Isobutane
Skeletons may be unbranched or branched.
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H H
H
H
1-Butene
2-Butene
Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location.
H
H
H
C
H
C
H C
H
C
C
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
C
C
C
H
Benzene
Cyclohexane
Skeletons may be arranged in rings.
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H
H
Table 3.2 Functional groups of organic compounds
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Figure 3.2 Differences in the functional groups of male and female
sex hormones (carbons and their attached hydrogens omitted)
OH
Estradiol
HO
Female lion
OH
O
Male lion
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Testosterone
Figure 3.3A Building a polymer chain
H
OH
OH
Short polymer
H
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration
reaction
H
H2O
OH
Longer polymer
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Figure 3.3B Breaking a polymer chain
H2O
H
OH
Hydrolysis
H
OH
OH
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H
Figure 3.4A Bees with honey, a mixture of two monosaccharides
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Figure 3.4B Structures of glucose and fructose
H
O
H
H
C
C
OH
C
O
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
Glucose
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H
Fructose
Figure 3.4C Three representations of the ring form of glucose
6 CH2OH
H
5C
CH2OH
O
H
H
H
C 1
4C
OH
OH
3C
H
OH
O
H
OH
O
H
OH
HO
C2
H
H
H
OH
OH
Structural
formula
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Abbreviated
structure
Simplified
structure
Figure 3.5 Disaccharide formation
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
O
H
H
OH
H
HO
H
H
H
OH
H O
OH
H
H
OH
H
Glucose
OH
Glucose
H2O
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
H
OH
HO
H
H
H
H
H
O
OH
Maltose
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H
OH
H
OH
H
H
OH
OH
Table 3.6 Sweetness scale
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Figure 3.7 Polysaccharides
O
O
O
O
GLYCOGEN
O O
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
CELLULOSE
OO
OO
O OH
OO
O OH
OO
O
OO
OO
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O
O
O O
O
Cellulose
molecules
O
O
O
Glycogen
granules in
muscle tissue
Glucose
monomer
STARCH
Starch granules in
potato tuber cells
O O
O O
O
O O
O
Figure 3.8A Water beading on the naturally oily coating of feathers
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Figure 3.8B A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol
H
H
H
H
C
C
C H
OH
OH
OH
Glycerol
HO
C
O
H2O
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Fatty acid
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
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Figure 3.8C A fat molecule
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
O
O
O
C
O C
O C
H
O
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
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CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
Figure 3.9 Cholesterol, a steroid
H3C
CH3
CH3
HO
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CH3
CH3
Unnumbered Figure Page 41
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Figure 3.11 Structural and contractile proteins
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3.11 Enzymes
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Figure 3.12A General structure of an amino acid
H
O
H
N
C
H
C
OH
R
Amino
group
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Carboxyl (acid)
group
Figure 3.12B Examples of amino acids
H
H
H
O
N
H
C
H
C
CH2
O
N
OH
C
H
O
C
N
OH
H
CH
CH3
H
OH
CH2
CH2
OH
C
OH
Serine (Ser)
Hydrophobic
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C
H
CH3
Leucine (Leu)
C
O
Aspartic acid (Asp)
Hydrophilic
Figure 3.12C Peptide bond formation
Carboxyl
group
Peptide
bond
Amino
group
H
H
H
O
N
H
C
C
+
OH
O
H
N
C
Dehydration
reaction
H
C
H
N
OH
R
R
Amino acid
Amino acid
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H2O
H
H
O
C
C
R
H
N
C
H
R
Dipeptide
O
C
OH
Figure 3.13A Ribbon model of the protein lysozyme
Groove
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Figure 3.13B Space-filling model of lysozyme
Groove
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Unnumbered Figure page 44
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Unnumbered Figure page 44
Polypeptide
chain
Collagen
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Figure 3.14 Protein Structure
Levels of Protein Structure
Leu Met
Pro
Primary structure
Gly
Thr
Gly Glu
Asn Val
Val
Cys
Ile
Lys
Ser Lys
Val
Ala
Ala
Val
His Val
Phe
Arg
Leu Asp Ala Val Arg Gly Ser Pro
Amino acids
Hydrogen
bond
C
C
N H
O C
Secondary structure
C
O C
N H
N H O C
C
C
C
H O
N H
O C
C
N
N H
O C
N H O C
R
C
H C
N H O
O C
C
C
N H
Alpha helix
Tertiary structure
O H
H
O
N C CN
H
R CC N C CN
H
CC
O
H
O
O
H
O
C N CC
N
C
C H
H O C C N CN
H
O C
C
C
N
H
O
H
O
N C CN
H
CC N C C N
H
C
O
H
O
O
H
O
C N CC
N
H
C N C
H O C
CN
H
O C
Pleated sheet
Polypeptide
(single subunit
of transthyretin)
Quaternary structure
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Transthyretin, with
four identical
Polypeptide subunits
Figure 3.15 Linus Pauling with a model of the
alpha helix in 1948
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Figure 3.16A A nucleotide
H
H
N
N
N
H
OH
N
O
P
O
CH2
Nitrogenous
base (A)
O

O
Phosphate
group
H
H
H
H
OH
Sugar
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N
H
H
Figure 3.16B Part of a polynucleotide
A
T
C
G
T
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
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Nucleotide
Figure 3.16C DNA double helix
C
A
C
C
T
G
G
A
T
C
G
T
A
Base
pair
A
T
G
C
T
A
A
T
A
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T
Unnumbered Figure page 48
H2O
…
OH
+
H
H
Dehydration
…
H
Hydrolysis
Short polymer
Monomer
Longer polymer
H2O
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Unnumbered Figure page 48
C
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Unnumbered Figure page 48
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Unnumbered Figure page 49
CH2OH
O
H
HOCH2
H
H
OH
O
H
O
HO
H
OH
H
H
CH2OH
OH
Sucrose
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HO
H
Unnumbered Figure page 49
H
O
H
N
C
OH
H
CH2
OH
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C
Unnumbered Figure page 49
Enzyme B
Rate of reaction
Enzyme A
0
20
40
Temperature (C)
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60
80
100