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Endocrine Control of Gastrointestinal Function Jack L. Leonard 2004 GI Hormones Hormone Action Release site Secretion stimulus Peptides, AA Distention Vagal activity Gastrin Gastric acid secretion Growth of oxyntic gland mucosa Antrum CCK Gall Bladder contraction Pancreatic juice secretion enzyme bicarbonate Pancreatic exocirne growth Duodenum Jejunum Secretin Pepsin secretion Pancreatic juice secretion enzymes bicarbonate Pancreatic exocirne growth Duodenum GIP Insulin secretion Gastric acid secretion Duodenum Jejunum duodenum Peptides, AA Fatty acids>8C Acid Acid fat Glucose, AA Fatty acids Candidate Hormones Peptide Motilin Pancreatic polypeptide Enteroglucagon Action Gastric and duodenal motility Pancreatic juice secretion enzyme bicarbonate unknown Release site Secretion stimulus Duodenum Jejunum Unknown Pancreas Protein Fat Glucose Ileum Glucose Fat Neurocrines Peptide Action Release site VIP Relaxes sphincters Relaxes gut circular muscle Stimulates intestinal secretion Simulates pancreatic secretion Duodenum Jejunum Bombesin or GRP Enkephalins Stimulates gastrin secretion Stimulates smooth muscle contraction Inhibits intestinal secretion Gastric mucosa Muscosa and smooth muscle of GI tract The Three Phases of Acid Secretion 150 Volume Secreted during first 2 hrs 100 25 Volume (ml/15 min) total cephalic 20 gastric 50 total intestinal cephalic 15 10 gastric 5 intestinal 1 Fed meat 2 Hours 3 4 Cephalic Phase sight, smell taste, chewing swallowing conditioned reflex + Bombesin + Vagal nucleus - Acetylcholine + - Somatostatin G-cell Somatostatin cell gastrin + Oxyntic cell H+ Gastric Phase local reflex acetylcholine Stomach distention Vagovagal reflex Protein digestion Peptides Amino acids bombesin gastrin acetylcholine H+ Intestinal Phase Protein Digestion products Intestinal G Cell Gastrin Intestinal Endocrine Cell Enterooxyntin Absorbed amino acids H+ Factors Regulating Acid Secretion Factors Regulating Acid Secretion Conditioned stimuli Smell, taste Chewing Swallowing hypoglycemia Vagus nerve Gastrin G cell H20 & HCO3- AcH AcH Acinar cells Duct cells Enzymes Gastrin Factors Regulating Acid Secretion (cont) Vagus nerve (vagovagal reflex) Parietal cell Fat Protein H+ E cells CCK Peptides + Amino acids Fat S cells H+ Secretin H20 & Duct cells HCO3- AcH AcH Enzymes Secretin CCK Acinar cells Pancreatic Enzyme Secretion Pancreas Post-Prandial Pre-Prandial Monitor peptide Food Protein Chymotrypsin Trypsin Small intestine CCK Gut – Insulin Secretion Neural reflexes Intestinal dose 40 Oral dose Insulin (mU/ml Insulin (mU/ml 100 50 20 0 1 20 min 0 40 4 min 8 10% glucose 100 100 0 0 10% glucose 5 min
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