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Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical Energy
PowerPoint TextEdit Slides for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.1 The giant panda is consuming fuel to
power the work of life
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Figure 9.2 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems
Light energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O
Organic
+ O2
Cellular respiration molecules
in mitochondria
ATP
powers most cellular work
Heat
energy
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Figure 9.3 Methane combustion as an energyyielding redox reaction
Reactants
Products
becomes oxidized
CH4
+
2 O2
CO2
Energy
+
2 H2O
becomes reduced
O
O
C
O
H
O
O
H
H
H
Methane
(reducing
agent)
Oxygen
(oxidizing
agent)
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Carbon dioxide
Water
H
H
C
+
Figure 9.4 NAD+ as an electron shuttle
2 e– + 2 H+
NAD+
Dehydrogenase
O
NH2
H
C
CH2
O
O–
O
O P
O
H
O P O– HO
O
N+ Nicotinamide
(oxidized form)
H
OH
HO
CH2
N
O
H
HO
N
N
N
NAD+
Reduction of
+ 2[H]
(from food) Oxidation of NADH
NH2
H
2 e– + H+
H
H
OH
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NADH
H O
C
H
N
H+
NH2
Nicotinamide
(reduced form)
+
H+
Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains
H2 + 1/2 O2
2H
/2 O2
1
+
(from food via NADH)
Explosive
release of
heat and light
energy
ATP
Free energy, G
Free energy, G
2 H+ + 2 e–
Controlled
release of
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 e–
/2 O2
1
2 H+
H2O
(a) Uncontrolled reaction
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H2O
(b) Cellular respiration
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
Glycolsis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Mitochondrion
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
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Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
Citric
acid
cycle
Glycolsis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Mitochondrion
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
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Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Glycolsis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Mitochondrion
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
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ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Figure 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at
each stage of cellular respiration
Electron shuttles
span membrane
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
2 NADH
or
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose
2
Pyruvate
6 NADH
Citric
acid
cycle
2
Acetyl
CoA
+ 2 ATP
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
Maximum per glucose:
2 FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
+ 2 ATP
+ about 32 or 34 ATP
by
oxidative
phosphorylation, depending
by substrate-level
on which shuttle transports electrons
phosphorylation
from NADH in cytosol
About
36 or 38 ATP
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Figure 9.7 Substrate-level phosphorylation
Enzyme
Enzyme
ADP
P
Substrate
+
Product
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ATP
Figure 9.8 The energy input and output of glycolysis
Glycolysis
ATP
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
ATP
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP + 2 P
2 ATP
used
4 ATP
formed
Energy payoff phase
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H +
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H +
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2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase
CH2OH
OH
HH
OH H
HO
OH
H OH
Glucose
ATP
1
Hexokinase
ADP
CH2O P
O H
H
H
OH H
OH
HO
H OH
Glucose-6-phosphate
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Glycolysis
Citirc
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase
CH2OH
H H OH
OH H
HO
OH
H OH
Glucose
ATP
1
Hexokinase
ADP
CH2O P
HH O H
OH H
HO
H
OH
Glucose-6-phosphate
2
Phosphoglucoisomerase
CH2O
P
O CH2OH
H HO
HO
H
H
HO
Fructose-6-phosphate
3
ATP
Phosphofructokinase
ADP
P
O CH2 O CH2 O
H HO
OH
H
HO
H
Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate
P
4
Aldolase
5
P
O CH2
C O
CH2OH
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Isomerase
H
C O
CHOH
CH2 O P
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
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Glycolysis
Citirc
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase
6
2 NAD+
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 Pi
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2
P
O C O
CHOH
CH2 O P
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
7
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP
O–
2
C
O
CHOH
CH2 O P
3-Phosphoglycerate
8
Phosphoglyceromutase
O–
2
H
C O
C O P
CH2OH
2-Phosphoglycerate
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Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase
6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 NAD+
2 Pi
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2
P O
C O
CHOH
CH2 O P
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
7
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP
O–
2
C
CHOH
CH2 O P
3-Phosphoglycerate
8
Phosphoglyceromutase
2
O–
C O
H C O
P
CH2OH
2-Phosphoglycerate
9
Enolase
2H O
2
2
O–
C O
C O
P
CH2
Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP
10
Pyruvate kinase
2 ATP
2
O–
C O
C O
CH3
Pyruvate
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Figure 9.10 Conversion of pyruvate to acetyle CoA, the
junction between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
O–
S
CoA
C
O
2
C
C
O
O
1
3
CH3
Pyruvate
CH3
Acetyle CoA
CO2
Transport protein
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Coenzyme A
Figure 9.11 An overview of the citric acid cycle
Pyruvate
(from glycolysis,
2 molecules per glucose)
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
CO2
NAD+
CoA
NADH
+ H+ Acetyle CoA
CoA
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
2 CO2
3 NAD+
FADH2
FAD
3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.12 Closer look at the citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
ATP
Citirc
acid
cycle
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
S
CoA
C
O
CH3
Acetyl CoA
CoA SH
O C COO–
CH2
COO–
1
COO–
Oxaloacetate
H2O
COO–
CH2
HO
C
COO–
CH2
COO–
Citrate
CH2
2
HC COO–
HO
CH
COO–
Isocitrate
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.12 Closer look at the citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
ATP
Citirc
acid
cycle
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
S
CoA
C
O
CH3
Acetyl CoA
CoA SH
C COO–
CH2
H2O
COO–
1 1
COO–
COO–
CH2
Oxaloacetate
HO C
COO–
CH2
2
CH2
COO–
COO–
HC
HO CH
Citrate
COO–
Isocitrate
Citric
acid
cycle
CO2
3
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
COO–
CoA SH
CH2
a-Ketoglutarate
CH2
4
COO–
C
O
COO–
CH2
CH2
C O
S
CoA
SUCCINYL
CoA
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NAD+
NADH
+ H+
CO2
Figure 9.12 Closer look at the citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
ATP
Citirc
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
ATP
S
CoA
C
O
CH3
Acetyl CoA
CoA SH
O
C COO–
CH2
COO–
1
COO–
H2O
COO–
CH2
Oxaloacetate
HO
C
COO–
CH2
CH2
2
HC COO–
COO–
HO CH
Citrate
COO–
Isocitrate
Citric
acid
cycle
COO–
CH
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
COO–
Fumarate
HC
CO2
3
CoA SH
CH2
a-Ketoglutarate
CH2
COO–
6
4
CoA SH
COO–
FAD
CH2
CH2
COO–
C O
Succinate
Pi
S
CoA
GTP GDP Succinyl
CoA
ADP
ATP
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COO–
CH2
5
CH2
FADH2
COO–
C O
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
CO2
Figure 9.12 Closer look at the citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
ATP
Citirc
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
ATP
S
CoA
C
O
CH3
Acetyl CoA
CoA SH
C COO–
O
NADH
+ H+
COO–
1
CH2
COO–
NAD+
8 Oxaloacetate
HO
CH
COO–
C
COO–
CH2
COO–
HO
H2O
CH2
CH2
2
HC
COO–
Malate
HO
Citrate
CH2
CH
COO–
Isocitrate
COO–
H2 O
COO–
Citric
acid
cycle
7
COO–
CO2
3
NAD+
COO–
CH
Fumarate
HC
CH2
CH2 a-Ketoglutarate
CoA SH
COO–
6
CoA SH
COO–
FAD
CH2
CH2
COO–
C O
Succinate
Pi
S
CoA
GTP GDP Succinyl
CoA
ADP
ATP
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4
C O
COO–
CH2
5
CH2
FADH2
COO–
NADH
+ H+
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
CO2
Figure 9.13 Free-energy change during electron transport
Glycolysis
Citirc
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
NADH
50
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol)
FADH2
40
FMN
I
Fe•S
Multiprotein
complexes
FAD
Fe•S II
O
Cyt b
30
20
III
Fe•S
Cyt c1
Cyt c
IV
Cyt a
Cyt a3
10
0
2H++
2 O 2
1
H2O
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Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
A rotor within the
membrane spins
clockwise when
H+ flows past
it down the H+
gradient.
A stator anchored
in the membrane
holds the knob
stationary.
H+
ADP
+
Pi
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ATP
A rod (or “stalk”)
extending into
the knob also
spins, activating
catalytic sites in
the knob.
Three catalytic
sites in the
stationary knob
join inorganic
Phosphate to ADP
to make ATP.
Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron
transport chain to ATP synthesis
Glycolysis
ATP
Citirc
acid
cycle
ATP
Inner
Mitochondrial
membrane
Oxidative
phosphorylation
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
ATP
H+
H+
H+
Intermembrane
space
Protein complex
of electron
carners
Q
I
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
IV
III
ATP
synthase
II
FADH2
NADH+
Mitochondrial
matrix
H+
Cyt c
FAD+
NAD+
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
ADP +
(Carrying electrons
from food)
ATP
Pi
H+
Chemiosmosis
Electron transport chain
Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow
which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
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Figure 9.17 Fermentation
2 ADP + 2
Glucose
2 ATP
Pi
Glycolysis
O–
C
O
C
O
CH3
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
+2 H+
2 NAD+
H
2 CO2
H
H C OH
C
CH3
O
CH3
2 Acetaldehyde
2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 ADP + 2
Glucose
P i
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 NAD+
O
2 NADH
C O
H
C
OH
CH3
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
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O–
C
O
C
O
CH3
2 Pyruvate
Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism
Glucose
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 present
Fermentation
O2 present
Cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol
or
lactate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
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Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Amino
acids
Sugars
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
NH3
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
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Fats
Glycerol
Fatty
acids
Figure 9.20 The control of cellular respiration
Glucose
AMP
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate
–
Inhibits
Stimulates
+
Phosphofructokinase
–
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibits
Pyruvate
Citrate
ATP
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
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