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Awake (resting)
Alpha waves
Beta waves
Stage 1 sleep
Theta waves
Stage 2 sleep
Sleep
spindle
k complex
Seconds
Stage 3 sleep
Delta waves
Stage 4 sleep
Delta waves
REM sleep
Theta waves
Beta waves
06_05
Fig9_5
EEG sleep stages
Awake
REM
1
REM
REM
REM
REM
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
24
Fig9_6
16
15
14
Awake
13
12
Hours
50%
11
40%
10
REM sleep
30-25%
25%
20%18.5%
9
18.5%
8
20%
7
22%
18.9%
6
20-23%
5
Non-REM sleep
4
Total
daily
sleep
3
2
1
1-15
days
Neonate
3-5
mos
6-23
mos
Infants
2-3
yrs
3-5 5-9 10-13 14-18
yrs yrs yrs
yrs
Children
Adolescents
19-30
yrs
33-45
yrs
Adults
50
yrs
90
yrs
Old age
06_13
Neurotransmitter
blocked by
antagonist
Neurotransmitter
Drug acting
as agonist
(A) NATURALLY OCCURRING
NEUROTRANSMITTER
Drug acting
as antagonist
(B) AGONIST
(C) ANTAGONIST
InRev2a
InRev4b
InRev5a
InRev5b
InRev6a
InRev6b
InRev7a
MAJOR CLASSES OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
Trade/Street Name
Main Effects
Potential for Physical/
Psychological
Dependence
“booze”
Seconal, Tuinal
(“downers”), Nembutal
Relaxation, anxiety
reduction, sleep
High/High
High/High
Alertness, euphoria
Moderate/High
Moderate to high/High
“smokes,” “coffin nails”
Ecstasy
Alertness
Alertness
Hallucinations
Moderate/Moderate
High (?)
Low
Opiates
Opium
Morphine
Heroin
Percodan, Demerol
“junk,” “smack”
Euphoria
High/High
Euphoria, pain control High/High
Euphoria, pain control High/High
Psychedelics
LSD
“acid”
Drug
Depressants
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Stimulants
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Caffeine
Nicotine
MDMA
InRev9a
Benzedrine, Dexedrine,
Methadrine (“speed,”
“uppers,” “ice”)
“coke,” “crack”
Marijuana (cannabis) “pot,” “dope,” “reefer”
Altered perceptions,
hallucinations
Euphoria, relaxation
Low/Low
Low/Moderate
LINKAGES
to Consciousness
MEMORY
HEALTH, STRESS,
AND COPING
SOCIAL COGNITION
Do forgotten memories
remain in the
subconscious? (p. 232)
Does meditation relieve
stress? (p. 308)
Can subconscious
processes alter our
reactions to
people? (p. 624)