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Technology in Action
© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology in Action
Chapter 11
Behind the Scenes:
Databases and Information Systems
© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Chapter Topics
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Databases and their uses
Database components
Types of databases
Database management systems
Relational databases
Data warehouses and data marts
Information systems
Data mining
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Databases
• Electronic collections of related data
• Help us organize data
• Turn data into information
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Advantages of Using Databases
• Store and retrieve
large quantities of
information
• Enable information
sharing
• Provide data
centralization
• Promote data
integrity
• Allow for flexible use
of data
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Financial Aid
Recording grades
Student Registration
Student
Information
Student housing Database
Parents
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Database Terminology
• Field
Field Name
– Category of
information
displayed in
columns
– Each field has a
field name
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Database Terminology
• Data types
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Text
Numeric
Computational
Date
Memo
Object
Hyperlink
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Database Terminology
• Record
– A group of related
fields
Record
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Database Terminology
• Table
– A group of related records
Table
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Database Terminology
• Primary key
– A field value unique to a record
Primary Key
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Database Types
• Relational databases
– Organize data in a table
– Link tables to each other through their primary keys
• Object-oriented databases
– Stores data in objects
– Handles unstructured data
• Object-relational databases
– A hybrid of a relational and object-oriented database
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Database Management Systems
(DBMS)
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Application software designed to capture
and analyze data
Four main operations of a DBMS are:
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2.
3.
4.
Creating databases and entering data
Viewing and sorting data
Extracting data
Outputting data
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1. Creating Databases and
Entering Data
• Create field names:
– Identify each type of
data
– Data dictionary
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Creating Databases and
Entering Data (cont)
• Create individual
records:
– Key-in
– Import
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Data Validation
• Validation
– Process of ensuring data
entered into the database
is correct (or at least
reasonable) and complete
• Validation rules
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Range check
Completeness check
Consistency check
Alphabetic/numeric checks
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2. Viewing and Sorting Data
Before sort
• Browse through
records
• Sort records by field
name
After sort
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3. Extracting or Querying Data
• Query
– A question or inquiry
– Provides records
based on criteria
– Structured query
language (SQL)
Results
SQL
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4. Outputting Data
• Reports:
– Printed
– Summary data reports
• Export data
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Relational Database Operations
• Relational databases
organize data into tables
based on logical
groupings
• Relationships are links
between tables with
related data
• Common fields between
tables need to exist
• Normalization of data
(recording data once)
reduces data redundancy
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Data Storage
• Data warehouses
– A large scale
repository of data
– Organizes all the data
related to an
organization
– Data is organized by
subject
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Populating Data Warehouses
• Source data
– Internal sources
• Company databases, etc.
– External sources
• Suppliers, vendors, etc.
– Customers or Web site visitors
• Clickstream data
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Data Staging
• Data staging
– Extract data from source
– Reformat the data
– Store the data
• Software programs/procedures created
to extract the data and to reformat it for
storage
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Data Marts
• Small slices of data
• Data of a single department
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Data Warehouse
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Managing Data:
Information Systems
• Information systems
– Software-based solutions used to gather and
analyze information
• Functions performed by information
systems include
– Acquiring data
– Processing data into information
– Storing data
– Providing output options
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Information Systems Categories
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Office support
Transaction processing
Management
Decision support
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Office Support Systems (OSS)
• Assist employees in day-to-day tasks
• Improve communications
• Microsoft Office
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Transaction Processing Systems
(TPS)
• Keeps track of
everyday business
activities
• Batch processing
• Real-time
processing
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Management Information Systems
(MIS)
• Provides timely and accurate information for
managers to make business decisions
• Detail report:
– Transactions that
occur during a
period of time
• Summary report:
– Consolidate detailed
data
• Exception report:
– Show unusual
conditions
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Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Help managers develop solutions for
specific problems
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Data Mining
• Process by which data are analyzed and
investigated
• Objective is to spot patterns or trends
within the data
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Data Mining Methods
• Classification
– Define data classes
• Estimation
– Assign a value to data
• Affinity grouping or association rules
– Determine which data goes together
• Clustering
– Organize data into subgroups
• Description and visualization
– Provides a clear picture of what is happening
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Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• What is a database and why is it beneficial
to use databases?
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Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• What components make up a database?
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Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• What types of databases are there?
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Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• What do database management systems
do?
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Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• How do relational databases organize and
manipulate data?
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Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• What are data warehouses and data marts
and how are they used?
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Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• What is an information system and what
types of information systems are used in
business?
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Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• What is data mining and how does it
work?
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