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Transcript 
SPRITUALITY AND
MEDICINE
Manoj Jain M.D. M.P.H.
Goals


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Exploring Spirituality through
science.
Is religion healthy?
If so - what mechanisms
make religion healthy?
Evolving model
Our prayer study - Research
Resurgence of Spirituality in
Medicine




Surveys
1993 and 1998
Eisenberg study on
Alternative Medicine
Medical School
Curriculum
Research by
Benson, Koenig,
Larson, Matthews
Survey Results




95% of Americans
believe in God
76% pray regularly
In 1990 25% used
self-prayer for
healing
In 1997 35% used
self prayer
(JAMA 98)
Spirituality vs. Religiosity



Spirituality is: Core
of our belief- often
individual
Religiosity is:
broader,
institutional,
ritualistic
Spirituality more
compatible with
science
What evidence is there that
Spirituality/Religiosity leads to good health?




Survival- 91,909
men attending
church
Netherlands -SDA
men 9 yrs. increase
Psychiatric illness
YET NO GOOD
RCT--biased by
behavior
What evidence is there that
Spirituality/Religiosity leads to good health?



3968 California
residents age 64101 years old 6
year follow up46% lower mortality
rate if church going
After after correcting
for behavior
mortality rate 28%
lower
Clinical Scenario
1.Child falls “kiss the boo- boo”
 2.Patient with Shortness of Breath
 3.Patients with breast cancer go to
social group
 4. Patients in CCU were prayed for

If religion is healthy then what is the
mechanism?





Placebo effect
Psychological support
Social support
Religious practices i.e. dietary
Vibrational -- “devine” -intercessory prayer
Placebo effect
Belief in Medicine
 Belief in Doctor
 Belied in Relationship
 30 percent effective (JAMA 1965)

Psychological/Social support
Clergy - priest
 Forgiveness/Confession
 Sunday Church visits
 Church Socials

Relaxation Response
Prayer
 Meditation
 Chanting - repetition
 Silence

Behavior modification
Less smoking, drinking or high risk
activities
 Better diet - Seventh Day Adventists

Vibrational or Devine
intervention
? By science
 NTTE
 Non-Tactile Transfer of Energy

Medical Perspective -50 yrs.ago
Basic Needs: Food -Shelter
BODY
Medical Model - 20 yrs. ago
Basic Needs
Psychological Needs
Social Support Needs
BODY
MIND
Placebo effect
Stress response
Relaxation response
New Developing Medical Model
Basic Needs
BODY
Psychological Needs
Social Needs
MIND
Spiritual Needs
SPIRIT/SOUL
PrayerIntercessory
prayer
Study on intercessory prayer:
San Francisco - Byrd Study1988
Study Design: Randomized control CCU
patients
Sample: n=393, prayed group n=192,
control group n=201
Results: CHF 8 vs. 20 p<.03
pneumonia 3 vs. 13 ...
Conclusion: Pts. receiving prayer had
favorable outcome
Study on the Therapeutic Effect
of Prayer --1998-2001
Study Design: Randomized control CABG
patients-multicenter
Intervention: Intercessory prayer knowledge if being prayed for
Sample: n=2000
Three groups:
Prayed for + certain if being prayed for
Prayed for + uncertain if being prayed for
Not prayed for + uncertain if being prayed for
Outcomes: Complications - mortality -LOS
What kind of business are doctors
in?
Healers
or
Drug
Dealers
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