Download Exam #2 - NAU jan.ucc.nau.edu web server

Tobacco
Chapter 8
???? ____ % of new smokers are
adolescents/teenagers
???? Smokers have about a _____% greater
risk of dying from coronary heart disease
when compared with lifetime nonsmokers
Use of Tobacco
Why People use Tobacco
Nicotine
Powerful psychoactive drug
Reaches Brain via bloodstream in
seconds
Most physically addictive of the
psychoactive drugs.
2
Why do people use tobacco?
Hint: It’s not because they think
that it is good for their health…
3
Annual Deaths Attributable to
Smoking Related Diseases
Text p. 171
4
Nicotine Addiction
Three out of four smokers want to quit
60%-80% kick the habit at a stop-smoking clinic.
However, ____start smoking within a year.
Relapse rate similar to alcoholics and heroin
addicts.
5
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Using tobacco develops tolerance
addiction may occur within a couple of days.
Abstinence from nicotine:
predictable withdrawal symptoms
Occurs within hours of last dose of nicotine
Most symptoms pass in 2-3 days.
6
Social and Psychological Factors
Established habits or cues to trigger smoking
Secondary reinforcers.
7
Why Start in the First Place?
Decreases in usage in the 1980’s but a steady
increase in the 1990’s.
Largest increase was 13- and 14-years old.
Children and teenagers make-up 90% of all
new smokers in this country.
8
Advertising
Tobacco spends nearly $6 billion per year.
86% of teens prefer the top three most
advertised brands.
Joe Camel is more familiar than Mickey Mouse.
9
Reverse Advertising….
Check this out!
10
Who Uses Tobacco?
Characteristics which could increase the
potential for use.
A parent or sibling uses tobacco
Peers use tobacco
Child comes from blue-collar family
Child comes from low-income home
Single parent.
Performs poorly in school
Child drops out of school
Has positive attitudes towards tobacco
11
Immediate Effects of Nicotine
Acts on the brain like cocaine and heroin
At low doses acts like a stimulant
Triggers release of chemical messengers in
the brain epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
 Can help smoker regulate moods
Physiological effects
13
Health Hazards of Tobacco Smoke
Contains 50,000 times as many damaging
chemicals than an equal volume of polluted urban
air
Carcinogen
Damages the lining of the respiratory tract
Carbon monoxide - 400 times stronger than
what is considered safe in the work place.
15
The Long-Term Effects
Cardiovascular Disease
Lung Cancer and other cancers
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Emphysema
Other Respiratory Damage
16
Environmental Tobacco Smoke:
Combination of Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke
Designated as a Class ‘A’ Carcinogen
Mainstream- Smoke inhaled by the smoker and exhaled
into the atmosphere
Sidesteam- Smoke that comes from the end of the burning
cigarette. Both are designated as a Class ‘A’ Carcinogen
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
► Primary caregiver smokes 10 cigarettes per day:
Measurable amounts of nicotine and carcinogens in child’s
blood
►More likely to die from SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
17
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
contains:
Twice the tar and nicotine
Almost 3X’s the carbon monoxide (replaces oxygen in the
blood)
3 x’s the ammonia
When ammonia enters the body as a result of breathing, swallowing or skin
contact, it reacts with
water to produce ammonium hydroxide, a corrosive chemical that damages
body cells
Causes an estimated 3,000 deaths per year in the U.S.
18
Smoking In –Utero Increases
Risk of:
Miscarriage
Low- Birth Weight
Delays in physical development and intellectual
growth
Children inhale three times more pollutants
per unit of body weight than adults
19
Cigars- The “Safe” Alternative??!
A typical cigar contains 13.3 mg of nicotine
(A cigarette contains 1.1 mg)
A typical cigar contains 44 mg of tar
(A cigarette contains 16mg)
A once-a-day smoker who never inhales is 7 times
more likely to develop oral cancer than a nonsmoker
National Cancer Institute 1999
20
Other Forms of Tobacco
Spit (Smokeless) Tobacco
Cigar and Pipes
Clove cigarettes and Bidis
There is no safe tobacco.
There is no safe tobacco.
There is no safe tobacco.
There is no safe tobacco.
21
Cost of Tobacco Use to Society
Health care costs exceed $70 billion per
year.
Lost productivity from sickness, disability, and
premature death makes it closer to $125 Billion
per year.
23
Benefits of Quitting
It is never too late to quit.
Nicotine Replacement
Non-Nicotine Medications
Acupuncture
Counseling
Support Group
The “Best” strategy is the one(s) that
works.
24