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FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Continuous effective breathing is vital for life. Without oxygen brain cells begin to die in as little as 4-6 minutes. Hypoxia = term used to describe a lack of oxygen in the blood. Student Reference Guide p. 23-1 1 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Causes of hypoxia 1. lack of oxygen - high altitude, suffocation, displacement of oxygen by other gases 2. blocked airway - choking, tongue, swelling 3. ineffective breathing - severe chest injury, inhalation injury, drug overdose, spinal cord injury 4. abnormal heart function - heart disease, injury to the heart, drug overdose Student Reference Guide p. 23-2, 23-3 or 9-2, 9-3 2 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Assessing breathing Consider the rate, rhythm and depth of breathing. Rate - determine the number of breaths per minute. This will vary with age. Rhythm - look for even intervals between breaths. Depth - watch the rise and fall of the chest; determine if breathing is too shallow or if it is distressed. Student Reference Guide p. 23-2, 23-3 (or) 9-2, 9-3 3 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS = Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Age Group Normal Rate Adult - 8 year and older 10 to 20 Child – 1 to 8 years 20 to 30 Infant – under 1 year 30 to 50 Student Reference Guide p. 23-2 (or) 9-2 4 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Signs of ineffective breathing Severe distress; anxiety Dyspnea (breathing difficulty) Rate – too fast or too slow Rhythm – irregular Depth – too shallow Cyanosis – blue colouring to the lips, ears, and fingernail beds; Shock Decreased consciousness; Shock Student Reference Guide p. 23-3 (or) 9-3 5 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Give AR if the casualty is unresponsive breathing is absent Give CPR if the pulse is absent or are unsure 6 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Give Assisted Breathing If breathing is too slow, give a breath each time the casualty inhales plus an extra breath in between for a total of 12-15 breaths per minute (one breath every 5-6 seconds). If breathing is too fast, assist every second inhalation for a total of 12-15 breaths per minute. Student Reference Guide p. 23-5 (or) 9-5 7 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Agonal Breathing may be present in cardiac arrest casualty. there will be gasping with no regular pattern or depth. do not confuse this with regular breathing. Student Reference Guide p. 23-7 (or) 9-7 8 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Caution When giving AR, do not blow into a casualty too hard or too fast as air may go into the stomach instead of the lungs. Blow hard enough only to make the chest rise. If spinal injury is suspected, open the airway using a jaw thrust without head tilt. Student Reference Guide p. 23-9 (or) 9-9 9 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc FOTS – Artificial Respiration Breathing Emergencies Infants SRG p. 23-15 or 9-15 An infant’s head is quite large in comparison to the body. When giving AR or CPR, put a thin pad under the shoulders (if available) to help keep the airway open. SRG p. 23-10 or 9-10 Cover the mouth and nose when ventilating 10 First on the Scene First Aid and CPR www.sja.ca/bc