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Intellectual Capital of Turkey
Kamil Yılmaz
Koç University
TEPEK National Event
Bilkent University, Ankara
October 9, 2009
Turkey’s Participation in the European
Knowledge Economy
Value of Intellectual Capital - 1995
SE
FI
DK
UK
AT
DE
NL
BE
CY
FR
LU
SI
EE
IE
CZ
EUSK
LV
PL
HU
ES
PT
IT
EL
LT
TR
MT
RO
BG
JP
USA
0.00
HC
SC
RC
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Value of Intellectual Capital - 2001
FI
SE
DK
BE
AT
UK
LU
NL
DE
FR
IE
CY
EE
EUSI
LV
CZ
ES
HU
LT
SK
PT
PL
IT
RO
EL
BG
TR
MT
JP
USA
0.00
HC
SC
RC
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Value of Intellectual Capital - 2007
SE
FI
DK
LU
UK
BE
AT
EE
DE
NL
CY
FR
IE
SI
LV
EUCZ
LT
ES
HU
PL
IT
SK
PT
EL
MT
BG
RO
TR
JP
USA
0.00
HC
SC
RC
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
ASSETS
Human capital
HCA-1: youth educational
attainment (20-24)
HCA_2: population with
tertiairy education
HCA_3: occupations and
skills in the information
economy
HCA_4: PISA scores
HCA_6: drop outs
HCA_5: Life expectancy at
birth
Structural capital
Relational capital
SCA_1: Broadband penetration
SCA_3: scientific publications
SCA_4: patent applications
SCA_5: patents in
environment-related
technologies
RCA_1: Innovative SME’s
co-operating with others
RCA_2: collaboration with
public research
organizations by innovating
firms
RCA_3: international
collaboration in science
RCA_4: foreign
collaboration on innovation
SCA_2: Entrepreneurship Birth and Death Rates of
enterprises
SCA_6: Electricity generated
from renewable sources
SCA_7: Venture capital
investments - early stage
SCA_8: Venture Capital
INVESTMENT
Human capital
Structural capital
Relational capital
HCI_1: investment in
knowledge
HCI_2: expenditure on
education per student
HCI_3: expenditure on
education as percentage of
GDP
HCI_4: participation in
life-long learning
HCI_5:adult training
SCI_1: Gross domestic
expenditure on R&D
SCI_2: public investment in
R&D
SCI_3: private investment in
R&D
SCI_5: SME’s innovating in
house
SCI_6: ICT expenditures
SCI_7: SME’s using
organizational innovation
SCI_8: non-technological
Innovation
RCI_1: government
financed business R&D
RCI_2: foreign funding
of R&D
RCI_3: foreign business
investments
RCI_4: Business-funded
R&D in the higher
education and
government sectors
RCI_5: private investment
in education
SCI_4: Business investment
EFFECTS
Human capital
Structural capital
HCE_2: employment rate SCE_1: Labour
HCE_3: employment rate productivity
of older workers
HCE_4: employment rate
of women
HCE_1: GDP per capita
in Purchasing Power
Standards
SCE_2: Total greenhouse
gas emissions
SCE_3: Energy intensity of
the economy
SCE_4: Total primary
energy supply per capita
Relational capital
RCE_1: number of
foreign students
RCE_3: number of
international researchers
RCE_5: % patents with
foreign co-inventors
Value of Intellectual Capital – 2007
Assets
FI
SE
DK
CY
UK
LU
BE
NL
EE
DE
FR
SI
AT
LT
IE
LV
EU-27
CZ
IT
PL
SK
HU
ES
EL
BG
PT
RO
MT
TR
JP
USA
0.00
HCA
SCA
RCA
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Value of Intellectual Capital – 2007
Investments
USA
DK
EE
SE
FI
LV
AT
DE
BE
FR
LU
NL
JP
SI
UK
EUCY
CZ
LT
MT
HU
IE
PL
SK
ES
TR
IT
PT
BG
EL
RO
0.00
HCI
SCI
RCI
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Value of Intellectual Capital – 2007
Effects
LU
SE
UK
DK
FI
IE
AT
BE
NL
DE
FR
CZ
EU-27
ES
CY
EE
EL
PT
LT
SI
LV
HU
MT
IT
BG
PL
SK
RO
TR
JP
USA
0.00
HCE
SCA
RCA
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
a) HCA_1 Youth education attainment level (2001, 2007)
b) HCA2 Tertiary-type A graduation rates (2001, 2005)
Percentage of the population aged 20 to 24 having completed at
least upper secondary education
Percentage of tertiary-type A graduates to the population at the
typical age of graduation
100
2001
50
2007
2001
90
45
80
40
70
35
%
60
2005
30
%
50
25
40
20
30
15
20
10
10
5
0
TR PT MT ES DK LU DE NL IT RO UK EU- LV EE EL FR BE BG HU AT CY FI
27
IE SE LT SK SI PL CZ
0
TR
c) HCA4 OECD's Programme for International Student
Assessment (PISA; 2000, 2006)
SI
DE
AT
CZ
EL
SK
PT
ES EU-27 USA
JP
HU
SE
IE
UK
IT
NL
PL
DK
d) HCA5 Life expectancy at birth (2001, 2005)
Number of years
Assessment student knowledge & skills at age 15
600
84
2000
2001
2006
2005
82
500
80
78
Year
Index
400
300
76
74
72
200
70
68
100
66
64
0
RO BG TR EL
IT
PT ES USA SK LV LU EU- HU FR PL DK UK CZ AT SE DE SI
27
IE BE JP NL
FI
TR HU SK
PL CZ
SI USA DK PT EU- BE
27
FI
DE UK
EL LU NL
AT
IE
FR
IT
SE ES
JP
a) HCI2 Annual expenditure on educational inst. per student for
all services (1995, 2004)
b) HCI3 Expenditure on educational institutions (2000,
2004)
In equivalent US dollars converted using Purchasing Power Parities for GDP, based
on full-time equivalents
In percentage of GDP
80
8
1995
2004
2000
70
7
60
6
50
2004
HCI3 Expenditure on educational institutions (2000 - 2004)
5
%
$ 40
4
30
3
20
2
10
1
0
TR SK UK EE BE PL
SI
EL PT CZ ES HU
IE EU- DK SE
27
IT USA FI
0
JP NL FR LU DE AT
EL
TR
IE
ES
JP
SK
CZ
IT
EE
NL
DE
PT
AT
EU- HU
27
UK
PL
FI
BE
c) HCI4 Life-long learning (adult participation in education and
training) (2001, 2007)
d) HCI5 Employee Training (2008)
Percentage of adult population aged 25 to 64 participating in education and training
(Substitution from IMD Competitiveness Yearbook 2009)
FR
SI
SE
DK USA
Number of hours
35
9
2001
2007
8
30
7
25
6
20
5
%
%
4
15
3
10
2
5
1
0
0
BG RO TR EL HU SK PT PL LT CZ MT
IT EE LU LV BE FR
IE
DE CY EU- ES AT
27
SI NL
FI
DK
EL IT PT BG ES RO TR PL UK SK CZ HU SI FR EU- FI LT IE USA EE BE DE LU AT NL SE JP DK
27
a) HCE1 GDP per capita in PPS (2001, 2007)
b) HCE2 Employment rate of persons aged 15 to 64 (2001, 2007)
GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) (EU-27=100)
In percentage of the total population of the same age group
90
300
2001
2001
2007
2007
80
250
70
60
200
50
%
150
40
30
100
20
50
10
0
0
TR MT PL HU IT RO SK EL BG BE LU FR LT ES EU- CZ PT SI LV IE DE EE FI JP CY UK AT USA SE NL DK
27
BG RO TR PL LV LT HU SK EE PT MT CZ SI CY EL EU- IT ES FR JP DE UK FI BE SE DK AT NL IE USA LU
27
c) HCE3 Employment rate of older workers (=aged 55 to 64; 2001, d) HCE4 Employment rate of female persons aged 15 to 64 (2001,
2007)
2007)
In percentage of the total population of the same age group
In percentage of the total female population of the same age group
80
80
2001
2007
2001
70
70
60
60
2007
50
50
%
%
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
MT TR PL LU HU SI IT BE SK FR AT RO EL BG ES EU- CZ NL PT DE LT IE FI CY UK LV DK EE USA JP SE
27
TR MT IT EL PL HU RO SK ES LU BE CZ BG EU- JP FR IE PT LT CY SI DE AT LV UK EE USA FI NL SE DK
27
Turkish Economy - 16th in the World
(Tril. USD, 2008)
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook
And 6th in Europe..
(Tril. USD, 2008)
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook
Turkey’s demographic window of opportunity..
Will more or less be wiped out by 2050…
Source: Treasury
Turkish Economy since 2001
• Since 2001 Turkish economy experienced a dramatic
recovery
• Thanks to institutional and macro reforms (e.g., banking
reforms, adopting a flexible exchange rate, sticking to fiscal
adjustment)
• A very pragmatic government that has sticked to EU
membership goal and the IMF program
• A very benign international environment for emerging markets
(the availability of large sums of international capital flows)
• However, the supply-side (micro) structural reforms did not
follow through,
• The growth rate started to decline since 2006…
Government budget deficit declined substantially
since 2001..
Thanks to sustained fiscal discipline public sector
debt stock declined substationally since 2001 crisis
Conquest of inflation
Long View: Inflation
(12-month; %)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
Conquest of inflation thanks to fiscal discipline..
40
TÜFE
ÜFE
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
01/03 07/03 01/04 07/04 01/05 07/05 01/06 07/06 01/07 07/07 01/08 07/08 01/09
-5
Interest rates (%)
R&D Expenditure per capita (USD, PPP)
R&D Human Resources (1000)
Number of Scientific Publications
(per million people)
International Patent Applications
But increased difficulty in sustaining high growth
rates recently
10
8
6
4
2
0
1990
-2
-4
-6
1995
2000
2005
Share of Agriculture in employment declined
dramatically since 2002 …
Unemployment increased to a higher plateau after the
2001 crisis, and yet another one after the global crisis…
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
unemployment rate
4-q moving average
Turkish growth is driven by domestic demand…
Source: Treasury
Billion USD
Trade deficit continued to rise
250
200
Exports
Imports
150
100
50
0
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
Current account deficit financed by capital
inflows…
45
35
25
bn. USD
15
5
-5
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
-15
-25
-35
Current Acct.
Capital Acct.
-45
BoP
2005
2006
2007
2008
The rapid increase in CA deficit is also due to
rapidly increasing energy prices since 2002
Since 2001 composition of Capital Inflows
changed for the better…
Source: Treasury
Since Dec. 2004 a tremendous increase in FDI inflows
25
bn. USD
20
15
10
5
0
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
Recent Performance of Sectors
(groups based on technology intensity)
(Compounded Annual Average Rate of Change)
a) 2001-2005
35
b) 2005-2007
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
High
0
-5
High
upper middle
lower middle
low
-5
-10
-10
Production
Productivity
Real Wages
Exports
-15
upper middle
lower middle
low
Crisis and Worldwide Recession
6
6
5.1
4
3.1
3
2008
2
2009
1.7
1.5
1.3
0.6
2010
0.7
0.4
1.7
0.3
0
1
-2
2
3
4
5
-0.7
-1.1
-2.7
-4
-3.4
-4.2
-6
-5.4
6
Post-1990 Crises – Impact on Turkish Trade
 1994 (January 1994)
 2001 (January 2001)
 2008 (September 2008)
Economic Crises and Imports
Toplam ithalat
0.40
0.20
0.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2001
2008
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
-1.00
-1.20
1994
8
9
10
11
12
Economic Crises and Exports
Toplam ihracat
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2001
2008
-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
1994
8
9
10
11
12
Industrial production declined by an average of
16% in the first eight months..
20
15
2007
2008
2009
10
5
0
1
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
2
3
4
5
6
c
7
8
9
10
11
12
Since the beginning of the crisis a dramatic shift
in balance of payments…
45
Current Acct.
Finance Acct.
Errors&Omissions
Balance of Payments
35
25
bn. dollar
15
5
-5
-15
-25
-35
-45
2007
2008
Oct 08 - Jul 09
The heavy burden of the crisis on Turkish economy
 Impact through the trade and finance channels.
 Collapse of the EU demand led to 35% decline in exports,
 As the Euro Area economy is expected to shrink around
4% in 2009, the demand for Turkish exports will stay weak,
 Turkish economy is likely to contract in double digits in the
first quarter, and more than 6% in 2009
 Government has recently taken a series of fiscal policy
actions
 Monetary policy turned into expansionary gear rapidly
 Would they be sufficient to bring Turkish economy out of
the woods?
After the crisis: Slow recovery for the Turkish economy
 The recovery will be slow, thanks to strong headwinds from
the trade and finance channels
 IIF forecasts sharp decline in private capital flows to EMs in
2009 ($165 bn compared to $920 bn and $465 bn in 2007
and 2008)
 Net capital outflows would mean that a strong pick up in
domestic demand is unlikely in 2010.
 The fiscal deficit is worsening rapidly raising doubts about
the sustainability of public sector debt in the long run
Thank You
Indeed Turkey unable to sustain high growth
rates since 1940s
Annual growth rate of GDP per capital, 1926-2005
(5-year moving averages)
10
Annual growth rate (%)
5
0
1925
-5
1935
1945
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
Turkey – Demographic Indicators (2008)
Land Area (km²)
Population (Million)
Rate of Population Growth
Density (km²)
Urban Population
Average Age
Population Aged 15-64
Labor Force (Million)
Unemployment Rate
Labor Force Participation
Female Labor Force Participation
774,820
71.5
1.31%
92.3
62.2%
28.4
66.4%
24.6
10.9%
49.1%
26.2%
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
01/08
03/08
05/08
07/08
09/08
11/08
01/09
03/09
05/09
Turkey – Major Economic Indicators
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
390
481
526
657
742
Real GDP Growth
9.4
8.4
6.9
4.5
2.3
CPI
9.3
7.7
9.7
8.4
10.6
WPI
13.8
2.7
11.6
5.9
8.1
Export (Billion $)
63.2
80.2
85.5
107.2 131.8
Import (Billion $)
97.5
116.8
139.6
170 201.6
-34.3
-36.6
-54.1
-62.8
-69.8
13.4
15.3
14.1
15.2
22.0
0.8
0.85
1.1
1.2
1.2
-3.7
-4.6
-6.1
-5.8
-5.3
GNP (Billion $)
Foreign Trade Balance
Tourism Revenues
Workers Remittances
Current Account Bal./GDP
Factors adversely effecting Turkey’s
Competitiveness
Turkey
Poland
Czech
Rep.
Hungary
Share of high technology export (%, 2006)
1.50
3.81
14.10
23.99
Ratio of illiterates (%, + 15 age, 2005)
12.6
1
1
1
25.80
11.66
17.53
10.61
Telecommunication investments (ratio to GDP, 2006)
0.22
0.72
0.44
0.37
Number of internet users (per 1000 population, 2007)
241
413
587
443
Electricity cost in industry ($/kwh, 2006)
0.10
0.073
0.094
0.105
Human Development Index (2005)
0.78
0.87
0.89
0.87
83
260
375
306
Life expectancy at birth (2005)
71.5
75.0
76.0
73.0
R&D investments (USD per capita, 2006)
39.7
49.8
215.1
112.1
Pupil/teacher ratio in primary education (%, 2005)
Number of computers (per 1000 population, 2007)
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Report, 2008
HCA6 Early school leavers (2001, 2007)
Percentage of the population aged 18-24 with at most lower secondary
education and not in further education or training
70
2001
2007
60
50
40
%
30
20
10
0
SI PL SK FI LT AT HU IE NL BE DK CY DE FR EE EL EU- LU LV BG RO IT ES PT MT TR
27
b) SCA3 Scientific articles (1993 - 2003)
a) SCA1 Broadband penetration rate (2001 - 2007)
Number of articles per million population
Number of broadband access lines per 100 inhabitants
1200
40
1993
2007
number of articles per million inhabitant
2002
number of access lines
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1000
800
600
400
200
0
TR BG RO EL PL SK CY HU LV CZ LT MT PT SI IE IT ES EU- AT EE DE FR UK BE LU SE FI NL DK
27
RO LU TR SK PL HU PT CZ EL ES
IT
IE
JP
SI EU- FR DE AT BE USA UK NL DK FI
27
c) SCA4 Patent applications to the European Patent Office
(EPO) (2001 - 2004)
d) SCA5 Countries' share in environment-related technology
patents filed under Patent Co-operation Treaty (2004)
Number of applications per million inhabitants
In percentage
300
number of applications per million inhabitants
2003
30
2001
2004
250
25
200
20
%
150
15
100
10
50
5
0
0
RO BG TR LT SK PL PT EL CZ MT ES SI
IE
IT EU- UK USA FR BE AT JP DK FI LU SE NL DE
27
EE CY MT LV RO LT SK SI LU PT EL CZ BG TR IE HU PL ES FI BE AT NL EU- DK IT SE FR UK USA DE JP
27
SE
b) SCA8 Venture Capital (2004 - 2008)
a) SCA6 Electricity generated from renewable sources (2001-06)
being easily available for business development maximum number is 7,85)
In percentage gross electricity consumption
9
80
2001
2004
2006
2008
8
70
7
60
6
index
50
%
40
5
4
30
3
20
2
10
1
0
0
CY
EE
PL
LU
LT
UK
CZ
NL
IE
BG
FR
IT
EU-27
SI
TR
RO
LV
SE
AT
TR HU IT CZ RO PT JP EL SI BG SK PL ES AT FR LT EU- DE EE BE LU FI UK IE DK NL SE USA
27
c) SCI1 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)
(2001-06)
d) SCI2 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D financed by
government (2001 - 2005)
In percentage of GDP
Percentage of R&D expenditure financed by government
80
5
2001
2001
2006
4
70
4
60
3
2005
50
%
3
%
40
2
30
2
20
1
10
1
0
0
CY RO BG SK MT PL EL TR LV LT PT HU EE ES
IE EU- LU CZ SI NL BE FR DK AT DE USA FI SE
27
LU JP SE BE FI DK DE USA MT IE UK AT SI FR CZ EU- ES EE LV EL HU TR IT RO PT SK PL LT BG CY
27
a) SCI3 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D financed by
industry (2001 - 2005)
b) SCI4 Business investment (2001 - 2007)
Gross fixed capital formation by the private sector as a percentage of GDP
Percentage of R&D expenditure financed by industry
30
90
2001
2001
2005
2007
80
25
70
20
60
%
50
%
15
40
30
10
20
5
10
0
0
CY LT BG EL PL LV PT SK RO EE HU IT UK TR AT EU- ES FR CZ MT SI IE DK BE USA SE FI DE JP LU
27
SE
LU
UK
NL
HU
FI
FR
PL
IT
CZ
PT
AT
BE EU- DK
27
IE
LT
TR
EL
c) SCI5 In-house innovations SME's (2004)
d) SCI6 ICT expenditure (2004)
As a percentage of all SME's
In percentage of GDP
40
SK
BG
LV
ES
EE
4
35
4
30
3
25
3
%
%
20
2
15
2
10
1
5
1
0
SE
JP
UK
NL
USA
FI
TR
CZ
DK
FR
EE
IE
DE
TR
AT
LU
BE
BE
PL
AT
SK
DE
EU-27
EL
HU
SE
SI
PT EU-27 DK
LV
FI
RO
CZ
PT
FR
BG
ES
IT
IT
LT
NL
IE
PL
EL
SK
ES
0
HU
b) SCI8 Non-technological innovation by size and sector of
firms (2008)
a) SCI7 SME's using organizational innovation (2004)
In percentage of all SME's
As a percentage of all firms
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
%
40
%
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
BG
SK
RO
HU
PL
LT
NL
ES
MT
IT
EU27
CZ
FR
BE
EE
EL
PT
CY
AT
IE
TR
DE
DK
BG
LU
SK
IE
LT
NL
PL
ES
UK
MT
RO
CZ
IT
EU27
HU
FR
BE
DK
EE
TR
CY
PT
AT
LU
DE
c) SCE1 Labour productivity per person employed (2001- 2007)
d) SCE2 Total greenhouse gas emissions (2001 - 2005)
GDP in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) per person employed relative to EU-27 (EU-27
= 100)
Index of greenhouse gas emissions and targets - In CO2 equivalents (Actual base year =
100)
200
200
2001 2005
2001
2007
180
180
160
160
140
140
120
Index
Index
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
BG RO TR LV LT PL EE PT CZ HU SK CY SI MT EU- ES EL DE DK IT UK SE NL FI AT FR BE IE USA LU
27
LV LT EE BG RO HU SK PL CZ DE UK DK SE EU- FI BE FR NL LU SI JP IT USA AT EL IE PT ES MT CY TR
27
a) SCE3 Energy intensity of the economy (2001 - 2005)
b) SCE4 Total primary energy supply per capita (2006)
Gross inland consumption of energy divided by GDP (kilogram of oil equivalent per 1000
Euro)
Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) per capita
12
2500
2001
2005
10
2000
8
1500
6
1000
4
500
2
0
0
TR
DK JP IE AT DE FR LU IT NL UK SE BE ES EL PT FI CY MT USA SI TR EU- HU PL LV CZ SK LT EE RO BG
27
PT
PL
EL
HU
IT
ES
SK
DK
UK
IE
JP
AT
DE
EU27
FR
CZ
NL
BE
SE
FI
USA LU
c) RCA1 Innovative SME's co-operating with others (2008)
d) RCI1 Government-financed R&D in business (1995 - 2005)
In percentage of all SME's
In percentage of R&D performed in the business sector
30
40
1995
2005
35
25
30
20
25
%
%
15
20
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
RO BG IT ES TR LV MT HU PT SK EL DE PL EU- LT UK FR CZ IE NL DK LU SI SE BE AT EE CY FI
27
JP
DK
LU
NL
FI
IE
HU
TR
EL
PT
BE
DE
SE
AT EU- UK
27
FR USA ES
PL
IT
CZ
SK
b) RCI3 Foreign Direct Investments inflows (2005)
a) RCI2 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D financed by
abroad (2001 - 2005)
In percentage of GDP
Percentage of R&D expenditure financed by abroad
12
35
2001
2005
10
30
25
8
%
20
6
%
15
4
10
2
5
0
0
JP
TR
LU
DE CZ
PT
RO ES
PL
SK
FI
SI
FR BG SE
IT
IE
EU- DK
27
LT
HU
CY
BE MT
EE
AT LV
EL
JP
UK
EL
IT
USA
TR
AT
DE
FR
PT
FI
PL
ES
SE
EU-27
UK
DK
HU
IE
SK
NL
CZ
c) RCI4 Business-funded R&D in the higher education and d) RCI5 Public-private investment in education (2003 - 2004)
government sectors (1995 - 2005)
Share of public expenditure on educational institutions (%)
As a percentage of R&D performed in these sectors (combined)
8
2003
30
1995
2005
2004
7
25
6
20
5
%
%
4
15
3
10
2
5
1
0
0
IT
JP
DK USA PT
IE
FR
AT
SE
SK
CZ
EL
UK
EU27
ES
DE
LU
FI
NL
PL
BE
HU
TR
EL
TR
IE
ES
JP
SK
CZ
IT
NL
DE
PT
AT EU- HU
27
UK
PL
FI
BE
FR
SE
DK USA
BE
a) RCE1 Foreign students (2000 - 2005)
b) RCE3 International Researchers
Number of foreign students in tertiary education, per 1000 inhabitants
Total R&D personnel and Researchers as % of labour force and total employment
6
4
2000
2005
2001
2005
3
5
3
4
2
3
%
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
TR
PL
SK
SI
EE
IT
JP
ES
HU
EL
LU
FI
PT
CZ
NL USA EU27
IE
DE
DK
FR
AT
SE
BE
UK
c) RCE5 International co-operation in research - Patents with
foreign co-inventors (1993 - 2005)
Patent applications with at least one foreign co-inventor, as a percentage of total patents
invented domestically
90
1993
2005
80
70
60
50
%
40
30
20
10
0
JP
IT
USA
DE
FI
SE
FR
NL
SI
DK
ES
UK
EU27
AT
TR
EL
IE
BE
HU
PL
CZ
LU
TR RO BG CY PL PT LV SK MT LT
IT HU EE
SI CZ EL EU- NL ES
27
IE FR DE JP BE AT DK LU SE FI