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Introduction to Economics Macroeconomics The US Economy Llad Phillips 1 Questions About Your Reading What is an economy? Are there different types of economies? What is a market? What did Adam Smith mean by the invisible hand? Llad Phillips 2 Markets and the Invisible Hand • A market is an arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange things: A buyer exchanges money for a product; a seller exchanges a product for money. • Adam Smith used the metaphor of the invisible hand to explain how people acting in their own self-interest may actually promote the interest of society Chapter 1 as a whole. Question What is the principle of diminishing returns? Llad Phillips 4 PRINCIPLE of Diminishing Returns PRINCIPLE of Diminishing Returns Suppose output is produced with two or more inputs and we increase one input while holding the other input or inputs fixed. Beyond some point—called the point of diminishing returns—output will increase at a decreasing rate. Can you think of an everyday example? Chapter 2 Llad Phillips 5 Question What is macroeconomics? Llad Phillips 6 Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is the study of the nation’s economy as a whole. Macroeconomic analysis can be used to: Understand how a national economy works. Understand the grand debates over economic policy. Make informed business decisions. Chapter 1 Outline: Lecture Six, 2002 Vernon Smith wins Nobel National Income Accounting Great Depression of 1930’s How bad can a downturn get? Birth of macroeconomics concepts tools: national income accounting Is it Happening Again? Llad Phillips 8 News in 2002 Why did the Dow go down ? Why is the Dow going up now? Are we going to have a double dip recession coming? How Llad Phillips could you figure that out? 9 Part II Macroeconomics & US Economy Ch. 20 “Measuring a Nation’s Production and Income” Ch. 21 “ Unemployment and Inflation Llad Phillips 10 Question What do we mean by circular flow? Llad Phillips 11 : Chapter Twenty Conceptual Framework: Circular Flow Firms Income Firms Labor Supply Goods Demand Goods Households Households Income Perspective Expenditure Perspective Llad Phillips 12 Income Perspective: Individual’s Supply of Labor Earnings $480 $180 for 9 hrs of work Lectures 2&3 low value high Optimum high value Leisure (learning) $0 0 hours 15 hours of leisure 24 hours Expenditure Perspective Firms Supply Goods Demand For Goods Consumption Households Households: Consumption of Goods and Services Firms: Investment in Plant and Equipment Llad Phillips 14 Expenditure Perspective: Closed Firms Supply Goods Demand Goods Households Government Households: Consumption of Goods and Services Firms: Investment in Plant and Equipment Government: Expenditures on Goods and Services Llad Phillips 15 Expenditure Perspective: Open Firms Exports (Sales) Supply Goods Demand Goods Imports (puchases) Households Government Households: Consumption of Goods and Services Firms: Investment in Plant and Equipment Government: Purchase of Goods and Services All Three: Exports - Imports = Net Exports Llad Phillips 16 What has been happening to expenditure in the last year? Sources of information US Department of Commerce: Survey of Current Business The Conference Board: Business Cycle Indicators Llad Phillips 17 What is counted in GDP & National Income? The easy answer: what is easy to count. Strawberries, cars, steel etc consumer and business income What is left out? What is hard to measure. Underground economy: barter crime household production: cleaning, child care etc. produced at home for no pay Llad Phillips 18 Lab Three: National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA)-Ch. 20 Billions of Current $, Seasonally Adjusted at Annual Rates 01 III 01 IV 02 I 02 II Consumption 6983.7 7099.9 7174.2 7254.7 Investment 1574.9 1500.7 1559.4 1588.0 Government 1851.7 1896.8 1939.5 1959.8 Net Exports -312.6 -344.5 -425.6 Total: GDP 10097.7 10152.9 10313.1 -360.1 10376.9 GDP is Gross Domestic Product Llad Phillips 19 Pie Chart of $ 10.2 Trillion of GDP by Component, 01 II consumption investment government net exports Buy more foreign goods than we sell abroad Llad Phillips 20 National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA)-Ch. 20 Percent Change in Real (Constant $) GDP with Component 01 II 01 III 01 IV 02 I 02 II Consumption 1.4 1.5 6.0 3.1 1.8 Investment -17.6 -5.2 -17.3 18.2 7.9 Government 5.6 -1.1 10.5 5.6 1.4 Net Exports - Total: GDP -1.6 -0.3 2.7 5.0 1.3 Llad Phillips 21 Percent Change in Real(Constant $) GDP Source: http://www.yardeni.com Llad Phillips 22 Dr. Ed Yardeni, Deutsch Bank Securities http://www.yardeni.com September 24, 1998 2000.Q1 2000.Q2 2000.Q3 2000.Q4 Real GDP 4.8% 5.6% 4.2% 4.2% Personal 7.6% Cons. 3.1% 5.0% 3.8% Llad Phillips 23 How Bad Could It Get? Great Depression Llad Phillips 24 The Great Depression Impact on the US Economy Impact on Economic Thinking as a Consequence What happens when the economy goes belly up? Why does the economy go belly up? Llad Phillips 25 Unemployed Persons, Millions, 1929-1997 . 14 1933 trough 1982 trough 12 1938 trough 1991 trough 8 6 4 2 1945 trough Year Llad Phillips 26 97 93 89 85 81 77 73 69 65 61 57 53 49 45 41 37 33 0 29 Millions 10 Personal Consumption Expenditures, Billions of '92 $ . 5000 1997 4500 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1929 1000 500 Year Llad Phillips 27 97 93 89 85 81 77 73 69 65 61 57 53 49 45 41 37 33 0 29 Billions 3500 Personal Consumption Expenditures, Billions of '92 $ . 10000 1000 1929 Year Llad Phillips 28 97 93 89 85 81 77 73 69 65 61 57 53 49 45 41 37 33 100 29 Billions 1997 Why does consumption fall by 20% between 1929 and 1933? income has fallen and a large fraction of people are unemployed times are bad, sentiment and expectations are low, and people save for a rainy day if they can wealth has decreased for example, the stock market crash of 1929 decreased the wealth of investors in stocks, and decreased consumption out of wealth Llad Phillips 29 Gross Private Domestic Investment, Millions 92 $ . 1400 1200 800 1991 trough 600 1982 trough 400 1933 trough 200 Year Llad Phillips 30 97 93 89 85 81 77 73 69 65 61 57 53 49 45 41 37 33 0 29 Millions 1000 Why does investment fall from $92.4 B in’29 to $9.9 B in ‘32? Not only are many people idle, so is much of plant and equipment with existing capital redundant, there is less urgency to invest in new equipment times are bad, consumers are not buying, and businesses are failing, so business sentiment and expectations are low if there is any cash flow, businesses may decide to keep it as cash reserve against the unexpected event rather than invest it Llad Phillips 31 Gross Domestic Product Components in 1929 . . net exports 0% investment 16% government 9% federal government was 1.6%, while state & local government was 7.3% consumption 75% Llad Phillips 32 What were the policy options in 1933? Llad Phillips 33 Were consumers & firms afraid to spend? Consumers ?$ Fear Firms Llad Phillips ?$ 34 Impact of the Great Depression on Economic Thought The conventional wisdom at that time was to wait, and the economy would recover The Englishman John Maynard Keynes was not only a great economist but was aware of the political danger the depression posed to capitalism he realized that it would be difficult to convince consumers and businesses to spend more in the depths of a recession he emphasized the importance of uncertainty and expectations on behavior he stressed an aggregate expenditures Llad Phillips 35 perspective and a role for government spending A Simple Keynesian model The aggregate demand emphasis for simplicity, ignore net exports and government expenditure, small in ‘29 Aggregate expenditures, GDP, equals consumption, C, plus investment, I GDP = C+I National Income, Y, equals consumption, C, plus savings, S In Equilibrium, Aggregate Expenditures, GDP equals National Income, Y GDP = Y so C+I=C+S and, Llad Phillips in equilibrium, savings equals investment 36 : Chapter Twenty Conceptual Framework: Circular Flow Firms Income Firms Labor Supply Goods Demand Goods Households Households Income Perspective Expenditure Perspective Llad Phillips 37 The Consumption Function consumption, C autonomous consumption, C0 C = C0 + mpc* Y the slope of the consumption function, the marginal compensity to consume, mpc, is the increase in consumption per $ increase in income Income, Y Llad Phillips 38 Autonomous Investment Investment, I I Income, Y Llad Phillips 39 Gross Domestic Product Equals Consumption Plus Investment Consumption, C Investment, I GDP autonomous consumption, C0 GDP = C + I C = C0 + mpc* Y I Income, Y Llad Phillips 40 Squares with Equal Sides and 45 degree Lines Y=Y Income, Y Y1 450 Y1 Llad Phillips Income, Y 41 : Chapter Twenty Conceptual Framework: Circular Flow Firms Income Firms Labor Supply Goods Demand Goods Households Households Income Perspective Expenditure Perspective Llad Phillips 42 Equilibrium Level of Gross Domestic Product GDP=Y GDP=Y Consumption, C Investment, I GDP autonomous consumption, C0 450 GDP=Y Llad Phillips Income 43 Equilibrium Level of Gross Domestic Product GDP=Y GDP=Y Consumption, C Investment, I GDP autonomous consumption, C0 I 450 Income Llad Phillips 44 Equilibrium Level of Gross Domestic Product GDP=Y GDP=Y Consumption, C Investment, I GDP C = C0 + mpc* Y autonomous consumption, C0 I 450 Income Llad Phillips 45 Equilibrium Level of Gross Domestic Product GDP=Y GDP=Y Consumption, C Investment, I GDP GDP = C + I C = C0 + mpc* Y autonomous consumption, C0 I 450 GDP=Y Llad Phillips Income 46 What Happens if there is a Shock? Using the Model of the Economy Stock market crash of 1929 or Attack on America, 9-11-2001? if consumer confidence is shaken…. If business confidence is shaken …. Llad Phillips 47 Equilibrium Level of Gross Domestic Product GDP=Y GDP=Y Consumption, C Investment, I GDP GDP = C + I C = C0 + mpc* Y autonomous consumption, C0 I 450 GDP=Y Llad Phillips Income 48 Equilibrium Level of Gross Domestic Product GDP=Y GDP=Y Consumption, C Investment, I GDP GDP = C + I C = C0 + mpc* Y autonomous consumption, C0 I 450 GDP=Y Llad Phillips Income 49 Equilibrium Level of Gross Domestic Product GDP=Y GDP=Y GDP = C + I Consumption, C Investment, I GDP C = C0 + mpc* Y autonomous consumption, C0 I 450 GDP=Y Llad Phillips Income 50 Then and Now: 1930’2 Vs. ‘02 High Unemployment Low consumption Low Investment Little Federal Spending Llad Phillips Low unemployment High consumption Low investment Federal Spending 51 Current Economic Events % of Civilian Labor Force That Is Unemployed Llad Phillips 52 Summary-Vocabulary-Concepts national income circular flow economy gross domestic product consumption gross private domestic investment government expenditures net exports Llad Phillips nominal GDP closed economy John Maynard Keynes aggregate expenditures uncertainty expectations 53 Summary of Part I: Personal Finance Advice Llad Phillips 54 Summary of Personal Finance Spend Learn Earn Choice ?% Save Life Span Llad Phillips 55 Choice: What to Build Equity In? Housing Save Invest & Build Equity Financial, Including cash reserve Llad Phillips 56 Who Wants to be a Millionaire? Stocks @ 11% One Time Investment 3 M Treasury Bills @ 2.22% Mattress @ 0% Save 6% of Wealth Per Year & Invest Llad Phillips Stocks + Savings : 17% 5 Y Treasury Bonds @ 3.83% + Savings: 9.8% Mattress + Savings: 6% 57 Your Stocks Market Indices corporate earnings(profits) The Economy Llad Phillips Index of Leading Economic Indicators Gross Domestic Product Unemployment Rate 58 Unemployment Rate Source: http://www.yardeni.com Llad Phillips 59 Index of Consumer Confidence Source: http://www.yardeni.com Llad Phillips 60 Index of Leading Economic Indicators Llad Phillips Source: http://www.yardeni.com 61 The Size of the Economy:Gross Domestic Product in $B Source: http://www.yardeni.com Llad Phillips 62