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Variation in health care systems
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• Health care systems
vary enormously in the
ways in which they are
funded and organized.
National health care
system
General
taxation
Social
insurance
National health care
system
Private
insurance
Out of
pocket
• Health care systems
vary enormously in the
ways in which they are
funded and organized.
• Funding sources can
generally be described
in terms of general
taxation, social
insurance, private
insurance and out of
pocket expenses.
General
taxation
Social
insurance
National health care
system
Private
insurance
Out of
pocket
• Health care systems
vary significantly in the
way in which they are
funded and organized.
• Funding sources can
generally be described
in terms of general
taxation, social
insurance, private
insurance and out of
pocket expenses.
• The proportion of
national expenditure on
health – and its
financial value also vary
widely
• Care may be provided
by a complex mixture of
state, private and
State
charity agencies
Charity
hospitals
including physicians
hospitals
working privately or
under contract to other
providers.
National health care
• Different structures
system
may exist for different
levels of provision.
Private
Contract • Sub-national
hospitals
organization of health
physicians
care can also lead to
regional variations in
levels of service.
UK
• General taxation
provides 83% funding,
General
allowing free access at
taxation
point of use through
State
83%
state hospitals and
Social
hospitals
insurance contracted general
practitioners.
• Out of pocket fees
8.3% GDP
cover prescription
$2546pp Contract
physicians medicines and dentistry.
Private
• Private insurance allows
insurance
Out of
11% to obtain treatment
11%
pocket
more quickly and with a
Private
wider range of
hospitals
providers, including
private hospitals.
USA
• Overall, the world’s
most costly system. 60%
General
funding is via private
State taxation
Social
hospitals
health insurance, esp.
insurance
employment-related
Charity schemes, for access to a
15.3% GDP
services range of mainly private
$6102pp
providers.
• State funded social
Private
Private
insurance schemes
insurance physicians Uninsured 15% cover certain groups
such as the elderly.
60%
Out of
• A significant minority
Private
pocket
(15%) remain without
hospitals
9%
any health insurance
cover.
Turkey
• Turkey has a complex
system with multiple
General
social insurance
taxation
Social
schemes. Some
40%
insurance
facilities are only
State
31%
Charity available to members of
hospitals
services specific schemes.
Overall health spending
7.7% GDP
is low.
$580pp
Uninsured 15%• Private insurance is
growing rapidly,
Private
including access to
Out of
insurance
pocket
private facilities.
provison
28%
• Out of pockets expenses
remain high and a
minority are without
any form of insurance.
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